Archaea from terrestrial arthropods

The family is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. 

The genus is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. 

The genus is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. Cells are ovoid cocci 1–3 µm. Non-motile. H2 and CO2 are the substrates for methanogenesis; formate can substitute H2. Acetate and formate are required for growth. The temperature range is 25-40 °C.

The genus is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. 

The genus is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. 

The genus identified by metagenomic analyses. Putative mixotrophic CO2-reducing acetogens that use H2 and amino acids as electron donors. 

The genus is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. Filamentous rods with slightly tapered ends. Gram positive. Nonmotile. Strict anaerobe. Require yeast extract for growth. Optimum temperature is 30 °C. Use H2 + CO2 as substrates for methanogenesis.

The genus is defined by relative evolutionary divergence (RED) and phylogenomic analysis as a monophyletic group. Cells are irregular cocci, 1-2 μm. Cells occur singly or sometimes in aggregates. Nonmotile. Require complex medium with yeast extract, peptone, and casamino acids. Grow between 25-42° C. H2 and methanol are the substrates for methanogenesis; methylamines can substitute methanol. 

Ovoid cocci cells 1–3 µm. Non-motile. H2 and CO2 are the substrates for methanogenesis; formate can substitute H2. Acetate and formate are required for growth. The optimum temperature is 33 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 50.1 mol%, and the genome size is 1.84 Mbp. 

Irregular cocci cells 1–2 µm in diameter, non-motile. Use methanol and methylamines as methanogenesis substrates together with hydrogen. Requires acetate, Casamino acids, and coenzyme M.  The optimum temperature is 37 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 42.9%, and the estimated genome size is 2.04 Mbp. 

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 37.9 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 1.99 Mbp.

Ovoid cocci cells 1–3 µm. Non-motile. H2 and CO2 are the substrates for methanogenesis; formate can substitute H2. Yeast extract stimulates growth. The optimum temperature is 33 °C.  The G+C content of the type genome is 50.2 mol%, and the genome size is 1.82 Mbp.

Coccobacillus, with slightly tapered ends, about 0.5 µm in width and 0.6–1.2 µm in length, occurring in pairs and short chains. Some chains may have elongat- ed cells. Gram-positive reaction. Cell walls are composed of pseudomurein. Cells are resistant to lysis by SDS. Optimum temperature 37 °C. Optimum pH 7 (as in Miller, Lin, 2002). The G+C content of the type genome is 36.9 mol%, and the genome size is 2.24 Mbp. 

Irregular cocci cells 1–2 µm in diameter, non-motile. Use methanol and methylamines as methanogenesis substrates together with hydrogen. ). Requires acetate, yeast extract, Casamino acids, and coenzyme M.  The optimum temperature is 37 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 42.9%, and the estimated genome size is 1.93 Mbp. 

The species description remains the same as in Miller (2015). The G+C content of the type genome is 26.7 mol%, and the genome size is 2.60 Mbp. 

Irregular cocci cells 1–2 µm in diameter, non-motile. Use methanol and methylamines as methanogenesis substrates together with hydrogen. Requires acetate and Casamino acids; formate and yeast extract are stimulatory. The optimum temperature is 37 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 43.1%, and the estimated genome size is 1.78 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 42.9%, and the estimated genome size is 1.93 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 31.0 mol%, and the genome size is 1.85 Mbp. Cells are short oval rods or coccobacilli with tapered ends, 0.6–0.7 μm in width and ∼1.0 μm in length. Cells occur most frequently in pairs or in chains of 4–6 cells. Gram positive. Nonmotile. H2 and CO2 are the preferred energy sources. Growth on formate is poor. Cells grow optimally at 37 to 39 °C. (as in Balch et al., 1979; Miller, 2015).

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 43.8%, and the estimated genome size is 1.88 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 49.7%, and the estimated genome size is 1.84 Mbp.

Coccobacillus with rounded ends, about 0.7 µm in width and 0.9 µm in length, occurring in pairs or short chains. Gram-positive reaction. Cell walls are composed of pseudomurein. Cells are resistant to lysis by SDS. Optimum temperature 37 °C. Optimum pH 7 (as in Miller, Lin, 2002). The G+C content of the type genome is 30.0 mol%, and the genome size is 1.87 Mbp. 

Coccobacillus with slightly tapered or rounded ends, about 0.6 µm in width and 1.0–1.4 µm in length, occurring in pairs or short chains. Gram-positive. Cell walls are composed of pseudomurein. Cells are resistant to lysis by SDS. Optimum temperature 37 °C. Optimum pH 7 (as in Miller, Lin, 2002). The G+C content of the type genome is 24.2 mol%, and the genome size is 2.04 Mbp. 

Cells stain Gram-positive, occur singly or in pairs or chains and are rod-shaped (1.5–1.8 µm). Cells are non-motile. The optimum pH and temperature for growth are pH 6.5–7.0 and 37–40 °C. The maximum salt (NaCl) tolerance for growth is 0.5 M (as in Lee et al., 2013). The G+C content of the type genome is 28.9 mol%, and the genome size is 2.04 Mbp. 

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 38.1 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 1.27 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 45.5%, and the estimated genome size is 1.83 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 37.8 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 1.86 Mbp.

Cells are short, oval rods with tapered ends, 0.4–0.5 μm in width and 0.7–1.2 μm in length, occurring most frequently in pairs or short chains. Cells give a Gram-positive reaction when less than 4 d old. Ultrathin sections show a tristratified cell wall that is highly invaginated. Nonmotile (as in Miller, 2015). The G+C content of the type genome is 27.7 mol%, and the genome size is 2.14 Mbp. 

Irregular cocci cells, 1–2 µm in diameter, non-motile. Use methanol and methylamines as methanogenesis substrates together with hydrogen. Requires acetate, yeast extract, Casamino acids, and coenzyme M. The optimum temperature is 37 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 44.4%, and the estimated genome size is 2.10 Mbp. 

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 24.0 mol%, and the genome size is 3.25 Mbp.

Cells are short rods with rounded ends, 0.5 μm in width and 1.2–1.4 μminlength. Some cells may have a slighdy truncated end. They occur singly or in pairs. Growth is stimulated by trypticase peptones, yeast extract, and rumen fluid. H2 and CO2 may be the sole or preferred energy sources. The optimal temperature for growth was 30 to 37 °C. (as in Zeikus and Henning, 1975; Miller, 2015). The G+C content of the type genome is 25.4 mol%, and the genome size is 2.44 Mbp. 

Cells occur singly or in pairs or chains and are coccobacilli (0.5–1.2 µm) with rounded ends. Cells stain Gram-positive, are non-motile and are resistant to lysis by 10% SDS. Grows and produces methane from H2/CO2 and from formate plus CO2. The optimum temperature range for growth is 36–42 °C. pH range for growth is 5.5–10.0; optimum pH is 7.0–8.0. The maximum salt tolerance for growth is 2.6 % (as in Rea et al., 2007). The G+C content of the type genome is 36.5 mol%, and the genome size is 2.72 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 52.2%, and the estimated genome size is 1.61 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 37.5 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 1.88 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 27.8 mol%, and the genome size is 2.18 Mbp.

Filament-forming rods with slightly tapered ends, 0.23–0.28 μm in width by up to several hundred μmin length. Rarely occurs as single 4-μm-long cells. Nonmotile. trict anaerobe. Catalase positive. Metabolizes H2 and CO2 to CH4. Optimum temperature is 30 °C (range 10–33.5 °C). Optimum pH is 7.0–7.2 (range 6.0–7.5). Yeast extract (>0.01%) is required for growth (as in Miller, 2015). The G+C content of the type genome is 26.9 mol%, and the genome size is 2.60 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 53.4%, and the estimated genome size is 1.34 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 35.5 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 2.30 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 57.3%, and the estimated genome size is 1.69 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 29.3 mol%, and the genome size is 2.05 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 49.7%, and the estimated genome size is 1.44 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 43.8 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 2.30 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 43.2 mol%, and the estimated genome size is 2.24 Mbp.

Irregular cocci cells 1–2 µm in diameter, non-motile. Use methanol and methylamines as methanogenesis substrates together with hydrogen. Requires acetate, formate, and coenzyme M; yeast extract is stimulatory.  The optimum temperature is 37 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 41.0%, and the estimated genome size is 1.84 Mbp.

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 50.9 mol%, and the genome size is 1.27 Mbp.

Irregular cocci cells 1–2 µm in diameter, non-motile. Use methanol and methylamines as methanogenesis substrates together with hydrogen. Requires acetate and Casamino acids; formate is stimulatory. The optimum temperature is 37 °C. The G+C content of the type genome is 41.0%, and the genome size is 2.13 Mbp. 

The species identified by metagenomic analyses. The G+C content of the type genome is 43.4mol%, and the estimated genome size is 2.15Mbp.

Coccobacillus with slightly tapered or rounded ends, about 0.6 µm in width and 1.0 µm in length, occurring in pairs or short chains. Gram-positive reaction. Cell walls are composed of pseudomurein. Cells are resistant to lysis by SDS. Optimum temperature 37 °C. Optimum pH 7 (as in Miller, Lin, 2002). The G+C content of the type genome is 29.9 mol%, and the genome size is 1.54 Mbp. 

Curved rods with slightly tapered ends, 0.34 by 1.6 μm in size, occurring singly or in pairs. Nonmotile. Metabolizes H2 and CO2, yielding CH4 as the sole product. Optimum temperature is 30 °C (range10–30 °C). Optimum pH is 7.1–7.2 (range 6.5–8.5). Complex nutritional supplements, e.g., 40% (v/v) clarified rumen fluid and nutrient broth (Difco) are required for growth ( as in Miller, 2015). The G+C content of the type genome is 25.7 mol%, and the genome size is 2.41 Mbp.