Abstract
Knowledge of deeply-rooted non-ammonia oxidising Thaumarchaeota lineages from terrestrial environments is scarce, despite their abundance in acidic soils. Here, 15 new deeply-rooted thaumarchaeotal genomes were assembled from acidic topsoils (0-15 cm) and subsoils (30-60 cm), corresponding to two genera of terrestrially prevalent Gagatemarchaeaceae (previously known as thaumarchaeotal Group I.1c) and to a novel genus of heterotrophic terrestrial Thaumarchaeota. Unlike previous predictions, metabolic annotations suggest Gagatemarchaeaceae perform aerobic respiration and use various organic carbon sources. Evolutionary divergence between topsoil and subsoil lineages happened early in Gagatemarchaeaceae history, with significant metabolic and genomic trait differences. Reconstruction of the evolutionary mechanisms showed that the genome expansion in topsoil Gagatemarchaeaceae resulted from extensive early lateral gene acquisition, followed by progressive gene duplication throughout evolutionary history. Ancestral trait reconstruction using the expanded genomic diversity also did not support the previous hypothesis of a thermophilic last common ancestor of the ammonia-oxidising archaea. Ultimately, this study provides a good model for studying mechanisms driving niche partitioning between spatially related ecosystems.