As our comprehension of cyanobacterial classification in diverse ecosystems broadens, it becomes essential to explore the biodiversity of lesser-known areas for a thorough understanding of both global and local diversity. This research, which is part of a larger investigation into soil biocrust algae diversity in the Sanyang Wetland located in Zhejiang Province, China, introduces a novel taxon of non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria employing a polyphasic approach for cyanobacterial classification, integrating morphological, molecular, ecological, and biogeographical considerations. The findings from morphological analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the identification of the 16S-23S ITS rRNA region have led to the discovery of a new genus, Paludothrix, which is categorized within the family Coleofasciculaceae. The proposed generic name and specific epithet of these new taxa adhere completely to the guidelines established by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The modern taxonomic system of cyanobacteria is constantly being updated and improved. The description of new taxa using the polyphasic approach can enrich the relevant knowledge in the field of cyanobacteria classification. The results of this study will increase our understanding of terrestrial cyanobacteria within wetland environments.