SeqCode Logo SeqCode Registry
cognitis nomina
  • About
  • Search
  • •
  • Login
  • Register
Authors Kaufmann

JSON
See as cards

Kaufmann, Theresa


Publications
2

CitationNamesAbstract
First report of ‘ Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ in maize ( Zea mays L.) in Germany Benaouda et al. (2026). Plant Disease Ca. Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus Ca. Phytoplasma solani
Text
Diversity Analysis of the Sugar Beet Pathogens ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ Toth et al. (2026). Plants 15 (11) Ca. Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus Ca. Phytoplasma solani
Text

First report of ‘ Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ in maize ( Zea mays L.) in Germany
In Germany, maize (Zea mays L.) is cultivated on approximately 2.4 Mha, making it one of the most widely grown arable crops alongside wheat and barley (German Federal Statistical Office, 2025). Although maize has previously been identified as a host of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (PHYPSO, 16SrXII-A), particularly in relation to maize redness (MR) disease detected in southeastern Europe (Jović et al., 2009), its role as a host of ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ (ARSEPH) has not been reported previously. The planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) is the major vector for transmitting both pathogens in many crops in Germany (Rinklef et al., 2024). MR symptoms include patchy premature drying, reddish discoloration of leaves and midribs, poorly filled or aborted ears, and malformed kernels. In August and September 2025, maize plants showing MR-like symptoms were observed in different fields in Otzberg 49°48'25.3"N, 8°52'28.8"E (South Hesse), Bellheim 49°10′19.9N, 8°15′50.8E, Bockenheim 49°36'18.6"N, 8°11'30. E"O, Ibersheim 49°43′36.5″N, 8°24′34.6″E (Rhineland-Palatinate) and Ettling 48°48'50.0"N, 11°40'17.2"E (Baden-Württemberg). Samples from roots (25), leaves (10), ears (14) and kernels (9) of 14 selected symptomatic plants were collected for molecular analysis. DNA was extracted using a CTAB-based protocol. ARSEPH was detected by qPCR targeting the manA gene according to Zübert and Kube (2021). Positive results were obtained from ears of six plants from Ibersheim and Ettling, leaves of three plants from Bockenheim and Otzberg, kernels of two plants from Bellheim, and roots of one plant from Bockenheim. Four ARSEPH-positive samples (two ears and two kernels) were further analyzed using the Fra4/Fra5 PCR assay (Zreik et al. 1998). Sanger sequencing of the resulting amplicons followed by BLAST analysis confirmed all four sequences as ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ with 100% identity to reference sequence PP400342. The sequences have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PZ623476, PZ623478, PZ623483, and PZ626926. Furthermore, all samples were screened for PHYPSO using the qPCR assay described by Behrmann et al. (2022) with primers KL464/KL465. Seven ear samples from Ibersheim yielded positive qPCR signals. To further validate these results, DNA from qPCR-positive samples was subjected to nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene using primer pairs P1/P7 (Schneider et al., 1995) and R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen and Lee, 1996), followed by Sanger sequencing and BLAST analysis against the NCBI GenBank database. However, repeated sequencing did not provide sufficient sequence identity to the reference strain STOL11 (GenBank accession number AF248959) to confirm the qPCR-positive samples as PHYPSO. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ARSEPH in maize in Germany. Its detection in maize extends the known host range of this phloem-limited bacterium. The high ARSEPH loads in ears and kernels detected in reproductive tissues are consistent with preferential accumulation in sink organs during grain filling. Whether maize contributes to pathogen persistence and transmission within the Pentastiridius leporinus or other potential vectors’ pathosystem remains to be investigated.
Diversity Analysis of the Sugar Beet Pathogens ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’
Sugar beet cultivation in Europe is threatened by two vector-borne diseases: syndrome “basses richesses”, caused by the phloem-limited pathogen ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’, and phytoplasmoses associated with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ subgroup 16SrXII-A and the related subgroup 16SrXII-P. Infections lead to reduced sugar yield, biomass and growth abnormalities. In Germany, Pentastiridius leporinus represents the main vector. Despite their importance, genetic diversity remains poorly understood. During a two-year survey, barcoded amplicons were generated from infected sugar beet samples from Germany and neighbouring countries using the phytoplasma markers 16S rRNA-ITS-23S rRNA, tuf, and groEL-stamp-nadE, as well as rplO-secY-rpmJ and groEL for ‘Ca. A. phytopathogenicus’. Amplicon pools underwent single-molecule real-time sequencing and amplicon-sequence-variant inference. Additionally, planthopper samples from sugar beet in Germany were analysed and compared to sugar beet data for ‘Ca. A. phytopathogenicus’. No genetic diversity of ‘Ca. A. phytopathogenicus’ was detected, whereas 16SrXII-A and -P showed variation below the subgroup level. 16SrXII-A exhibited higher diversity than 16SrXII-P. In Germany, 16SrXII-A formed a single cluster, while 16SrXII-P comprised two clusters based on 16S rRNA-ITS-23S rRNA. In neighbouring countries, only 16SrXII-A showed diversity, resolving up to four clusters by groEL-stamp-nadE. These results provide a basis for the identification of dominant strains supporting comparative variety evaluation for tolerance.
Search