Wanner, Gerhard

The order Solirubrobacterales is a deep-branching lineage within the phylum Actinomycetota . Most representatives have been isolated from terrestrial environments. A strain isolated from a grassland soil was found to be affiliated with this order and therefore characterized by a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain 0166_1T are Gram-positive, short rods, non-motile, non-spore-forming and divide by binary fission. A surface layer with protrusions covers the majority of the cells. Strain 0166_1T grows optimally around neutral to slightly alkaline pH (pH 7.1–7.9) and at temperatures between 24–36 °C in SSE/HD 1 : 10 medium. It grows optimally with 0–0.5% NaCl (w/v) but can withstand concentrations up to 5 %. The major fatty acids are C18 : 1 ω9c, C16 : 1  ω7c, C17 : 0 cyclo ω7c, C18 : 1  ω7c methyl and C19 : 0 cyclo ω9c. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified glycolipid. MK-7(H4) and MK-7(H2) are the predominant respiratory quinones. meso-2,6-Diaminopimelic acid is the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The G+C content for strain 0166_1T is 72.8 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that this bacterium was related to Conexibacter arvalis KV-962T and Conexibacter stalactiti YC2-25T with 95.5 and 95.2 % sequence similarity, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic data, we propose the novel species Capillimicrobium parvum sp. nov. (type strain 0166_1T=DSM 104329T=LMG 29999T=CECT 9240T) of the novel genus Capillimicrobium gen. nov. within the novel family Capillimicrobiaceae fam. nov.

Summary Multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes (MMPs) represent highly organized, spherical and motile aggregates of 10–40 bacterial cells containing magnetosomes. Although consisting of different cells, each with its own magnetosomes and flagellation, MMPs orient themselves within a magnetic field and exhibit magnetotaxis. So far, MMPs have only been found in several North and South American coastal lagoons and salt marshes. In the present study, a novel type of MMP was discovered in coastal tidal sand flats of the North Sea. High‐resolution scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of bullet‐shaped magnetosomes which were aligned in several parallel chains. Within each aggregate, the magnetosome chains of individual cells were oriented in the same direction. Energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis showed that the magnetosomes are composed of iron sulfide. This particular morphology and arrangement of magnetosomes has previously not been reported for other MMPs. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed a single phylotype which represented a novel phylogenetic lineage with ≥ 4% sequence divergence to all previously described MMP sequences and was related to the dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing Desulfosarcina variabilis within the family Desulfobacteraceae of the subphylum Deltaproteobacteria . Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a specific oligonucleotide probe revealed that all MMPs in the tidal flat sediments studied belonged to the novel phylotype. Within each MMP, all bacterial cells showed a hybridization signal, indicating that the aggregates are composed of cells of the same phylotype. Genes for dissimilatory sulfite reductase ( dsr AB) and dissimilatory adenosine‐5′‐phosphate reductase ( apr A) could be detected in purified MMP samples, suggesting that MMPs are capable of sulfate reduction. Chemotaxis assays with 41 different test compounds yielded strong responses towards acetate and propionate, whereas other organic acids, alcohols, sugars, sugar alcohols or sulfide did not elicit any response. By means of its coordinated magnetotaxis and chemotaxis, the novel type of MMP is well adapted to the steep chemical gradients which are characteristic for intertidal marine sediments.

The candidate division Korarchaeota comprises a group of uncultivated microorganisms that, by their small subunit rRNA phylogeny, may have diverged early from the major archaeal phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota . Here, we report the initial characterization of a member of the Korarchaeota with the proposed name, “ Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum,” which exhibits an ultrathin filamentous morphology. To investigate possible ancestral relationships between deep-branching Korarchaeota and other phyla, we used whole-genome shotgun sequencing to construct a complete composite korarchaeal genome from enriched cells. The genome was assembled into a single contig 1.59 Mb in length with a G + C content of 49%. Of the 1,617 predicted protein-coding genes, 1,382 (85%) could be assigned to a revised set of archaeal Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs). The predicted gene functions suggest that the organism relies on a simple mode of peptide fermentation for carbon and energy and lacks the ability to synthesize de novo purines, CoA, and several other cofactors. Phylogenetic analyses based on conserved single genes and concatenated protein sequences positioned the korarchaeote as a deep archaeal lineage with an apparent affinity to the Crenarchaeota . However, the predicted gene content revealed that several conserved cellular systems, such as cell division, DNA replication, and tRNA maturation, resemble the counterparts in the Euryarchaeota . In light of the known composition of archaeal genomes, the Korarchaeota might have retained a set of cellular features that represents the ancestral archaeal form.