Publications

4797

<p>Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by <em>Candidatus </em>Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), continues to challenge citrus production in Saudi Arabia. Although HLB is widespread, there is still limited understanding of how temperature, season, host species, and the type of tissue sampled influence the reliability of CLas detection. In this regard, 123 CLas-positive samples sourced from major citrus-growing areas were analyzed. These samples included data from 4 major citrus species and 4 tissue types. Additionally, cycle threshold<strong> </strong>(Ct) values obtained through quantitative PCR for each sample were used to examine how climate and CLas interact in bacterial detection. As lower Ct values indicate higher bacterial abundance, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to assess the influence of season, tissue type, citrus species, and average seasonal temperature on Ct values. The results demonstrated significant differences among tissue types, with petiole and midrib tissues exhibiting consistently lower Ct values. Additionally, lower Ct values were observed in spring and autumn, and higher Ct values in warmer summers and colder winters, based on average temperatures. Among the citrus species, only <em>Citrus limon</em> illustrated a prominent increase in CLas levels as temperatures increased. CLas levels in <em>C. limon</em> showed only minor fluctuations with temperature. Taken together, these results indicated that temperature gradients strongly shape CLas population levels in Saudi Arabia and influence the reliability of pathogen detection. Considering climatic context, along with tissue type and season can substantially improve sampling strategies and enhance the effectiveness of HLB monitoring programs in arid and semi-arid citrus production systems.</p>

Abstract Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ( C Las), the causal agent of Huanglongbing, is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid ( Diaphorina citri ) in a persistent, propagative manner. Reproducible transmission studies require not only controlled inoculation assays but also standardized propagation of citrus host plants, maintenance of D. citri colonies, and reliable pathogen detection. This study presents a comprehensive set of coordinated protocols that collectively support controlled C Las transmission experimentation. The workflow includes propagation of Citrus macrophylla for colony and assay use; generation and maintenance of C Las‐infected citrus and D. citri colonies; synchronization of D. citri populations to enable C Las acquisition; and a controlled single‐ D. citri transmission assay with defined inoculation access periods, and a Dellaporta‐based nucleic acid extraction method compatible with citrus and psyllid tissues. Quantitative PCR detection is integrated throughout to verify infection status, determine C Las titer, and monitor C Las movement and systemic colonization in citrus over time. By combining standardized plant production, vector infection systems, transmission assays, and molecular diagnostics, these coordinated methods provide a unified framework for testing hypotheses about vector competence, pathogen–vector interactions, microbial co‐infections, host susceptibility, and environmental effects on transmission. Together, the procedures enable consistent and comparable assessment of C Las acquisition, dissemination, and transmission outcomes under controlled laboratory conditions. © 2026 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 : Controlled laboratory method for assessing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmission by Diaphorina citri Support Protocol 1 : Generation of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus‐infected Citrus macrophylla and Diaphorina citri Basic Protocol 2 : Dellaporta total nucleic acid extraction Basic Protocol 3 : Citrus macrophylla propagation

Abstract ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae’ (CMhl) is a hemotropic bacterium infecting South American Camelids (SAC), whose epidemiology and clinical significance are still not fully elucidated. This study investigated CMhl by qPCR in blood samples of alpacas ( Vicugna pacos ) and llamas ( Lama glama ) in Italy in 2021–2024, characterizing CMhl haplotypes based on partial 16 S rRNA sequences and defining haematological findings in a subset of CMhl-infected animals. Statistical analysis was performed to detect potential risk factors associated with CMhl positivity. Out of 206 animals (200 alpacas and 6 llamas), CMhl was detected by qPCR in 88 (42.7%) animals. CMhl haplotype #1 and #2 were detected in 42.2% and 0.5% of the animals, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher CMhl positivity was significantly associated with larger herd size ( P  = 0.011), Northern Italy area of origin ( P  = 0.031) and warmer seasons ( P  = 0.003). The detection of two CMhl haplotypes confirms the high diffusion of CMhl in SAC farmed in Italy. Results confirm that CMhl usually causes subclinical infections, suggesting that antimicrobial treatment is likely not necessary based on qPCR positivity alone. Results focusing on the association of CMhl positivity with warm temperatures and large herd size suggest the need of further studies on the genetic features, epidemiology and immune response in CMhl-positive SAC from Italy, with emphasis on understanding potential vector transmission.

ABSTRACT Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ ( Ca Las), is the most devastating disease affecting the global citrus industry. Here, we reported that the Ca Las effector SDE70 promotes HLB pathogenicity by targeting the citrus ubiquitination pathway. Transgenic expression of SDE70 in Wanjincheng orange ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck) accelerated early Ca Las proliferation, aggravated HLB symptoms, and increased susceptibility to citrus canker induced by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ( Xcc ). These results demonstrate that SDE70 functions as a broad‐spectrum suppressor of citrus immunity. Mechanistically, SDE70 physically interacts with CsRUB2, a citrus ubiquitin‐related protein. Furthermore, CsRUB2 overexpression in Wanjincheng oranges reduced resistance to HLB but enhanced resistance to citrus canker. Both SDE70 and CsRUB2 elevated salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels in transgenic plants while lowering methyl salicylate (MeSA) levels. CsRUB2 also decreased jasmonic acid (JA). In contrast to the suppressive effect of SDE70, CsRUB2 enhanced the transcription of citrus immunity genes. Transient expression assays further demonstrated that the SDE70–CsRUB2 interaction dysregulates citrus immunity by perturbing SA, MeSA, JA, and H 2 O 2 signals. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding citrus– Ca Las interactions and breeding citrus varieties with broad‐spectrum resistance to both HLB and citrus canker.