Frontiers in Microbiology

Marine heterotrophic bacteria in coastal waters respond to the influx of carbon from natural and anthropogenic sources. We identified two nearly identical, (99.9% average nucleotide identity; 100% amino acid identity; same DNA G + C content of 52.3 mol%) high-quality (≥99% CheckM completeness and ≤ 1.3% contamination) draft metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs; SJ0813 and SJ0972) from seawater microbiomes of a southern island of Singapore that is in a protected marine park. The MAGs were only assigned to the Cellvibrionaceae family according to Genome Taxonomy Database. Overall genome related indices to Pseudomaricurvus alkylphenolicus KU41GT as the closest phylogenetic relative revealed no more than 70.45% average nucleotide identity (ANIcutoff < 95%), below the 50% percentage of conserved proteins (POCPcutoff = 43.54%) for genera cutoff and low digital DNA–DNA hybridization values (DDH = 20.6 and 20.8%). The major respiratory quinone is predicted to be ubiquinone-9 from the annotation of 3-demethylubiquinone-9 3-methyltransferase (ubiG, K00568) involved in the last step of the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway (M00117), which differed from the ubiquinone-8 utilized by known members of Cellvibrionaceae. Both MAGs contained a complete pathway for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, which increases bioavailability of nitrogen in seawater. An identical choline dehydrogenase found in both MAGs have a low amino-acid identity (≤64.47%) compared to existing GMC family oxidoreductases, expanding on the diversity of this family of enzymes. The MAGs meet nearly all the minimum requirements but lack a 16S rRNA gene of sufficient length required for the proposed novel genus and species under SeqCode. Nevertheless, phylogenetic trees based on core-genome and RpoB as an alternative phylogenetic marker are congruent with the taxon standing as a monophyletic clade to other taxa of the order Cellvibrionales. Taken together, the MAGs (SJ0813 and SJ0972) represent an uncultured, undescribed genus and species in which we tentatively propose the name Candidatus Pelagadaptatus aseana gen. nov., sp. nov. and strain SJ0813TS (=BAABNI000000000.1TS) as type sequence. Phylogenetic inference from core-genome and RpoB phylogenetic trees placed Umboniibacter marinipuniceus KMM 3891T outside Cellvibrionaceae. We, therefore, propose the transfer of the genus Umboniibacter from the family Cellvibrionaceae to a new family Umboniibacteraceae according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

The anammox bacteria “Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” (Ca. Kuenenia) are able to gain energy by combining ammonium and nitrite to produce nitrogen gas, which is an ecologically and technically significant activity process. In this reaction, nitric oxide serves as a recognized intermediate in the reduction of nitrite, which is subsequently combined with ammonium to produce hydrazine. However, the enzyme that converts nitrite to nitric oxide remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the nitrite-reducing activity in “Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” strain CSTR1 to identify candidates for such an enzyme. An optimized in vitro assay was established to measure nitrite-reducing activities, with which we followed the activity in protein fractions obtained from various fractionation methods. Separation of the cell extract of strain CSTR1 with size exclusion chromatography yielded active fractions corresponding to a molecular size range of 150–200 kDa. Several proteins coeluted with the nitrite-reducing activity, including the hydroxylamine dehydrogenase HOX, an NADP-dependent isopropanol dehydrogenase (Adh), an electron-transfer 4Fe-4S subunit protein (Fcp), and a nitric oxide detoxifying flavorubredoxin (NorVW). However, further separation of the cell extract with anion exchange chromatography, resulted in much lower activity yields, and activities were distributed among several fractions. In addition, fractionation of cell extracts using ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration linked the activity to HOX, but could not exclude the involvement of other proteins in the activity. Overall, our results suggest that the molecular mechanism for nitrite reduction in “Ca. Kuenenia” strains is more complex than that currently described in the literature. Nitrite reduction appears to be strongly associated with HOX but may additionally require the participation of other proteins.

The class Limnochordia harbors a single cultivated member, the mesophilic Limnochorda pilosa, which was isolated from a meromictic lake. Despite numerous molecular signatures reported in various ecosystems, the ecophysiological versatility of this deeply branched lineage of Firmicutes (Bacillota) remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to use targeted cultivation, based on metagenome-assembled genomes from a deep terrestrial aquifer in Western Siberia, to isolate two new thermophilic members of the class. These isolates, described as Geochorda subterranea gen. nov. sp. nov. and Carboxydochorda subterranea gen. nov. sp. nov. within the Geochordaceae fam. nov., were capable of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration using fumarate and O2, respectively, with simple sugars as electron donors. The cultivated Geochordaceae have demonstrated fermentative growth and degradation of various polymers, including starch, maltose, maltodextrin, xylan, and chitin. The carboxydotrophic C. subterranea sp. nov. exhibited autotrophic growth via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, using CO, H2, and formate as electron donors and O2 as an electron acceptor, adding metabolic flexibility to the bacterium in the nutrient-depleted “deep biosphere” and supporting the possibility of aerobic metabolism in the deep subsurface. The broad physiological potential deciphered from physiological experiments and comparative genomic data explains the widespread distribution of uncultivated members of the class Limnochordia in various ecosystems, where they can oxidize complex organic substrates through both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as well as pursue a chemolithotrophic lifestyle through the oxidation of H2 or CO.

Hadal zones account for the deepest 45% of the oceanic depth range and play an important role in ocean biogeochemical cycles. As the least-explored aquatic habitat on earth, hadal ecosystems contain a vast diversity of so far uncultured microorganisms that cannot be grown on conventional laboratory culture media. Therefore, it has been difficult to gain a true understanding of the detailed metabolic characteristics and ecological functions of those difficult-to-culture microorganisms in hadal environments. In this study, a novel anaerobic bacterial strain, MT110T, was isolated from a hadal sediment–water interface sample of the Mariana Trench at 10,890 m. The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and percentage of conserved proteins between strain MT110T and the closest relatives, Anaerovorax odorimutans DSM 5092T (94.9 and 46.6%) and Aminipila butyrica DSM 103574T (94.4 and 46.7%), indicated that strain MT110T exhibits sufficient molecular differences for genus-level delineation. Phylogenetic analyses based on both 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences showed that strain MT110T formed an independent monophyletic branch within the family Anaerovoracaceae. The combined evidence showed that strain MT110T represents a novel species of a novel genus, proposed as Anoxybacterium hadale gen. nov. sp. nov. (type strain MT110T = KCTC 15922T = MCCC 1K04061T), which represents a previously uncultured lineage of the class Clostridia. Physiologically, no tested organic matter could be used as sole carbon source by strain MT110T. Genomic analysis showed that MT110T had the potential capacity of utilizing various carbon sources, but the pathways of sulfur reduction were largely incomplete. Our experiments further revealed that cysteine is one of the essential nutrients for the survival of strain MT110T, and cannot be replaced by sulfite, leucine, or taurine. This result suggests that organic sulfur compounds might play an important role in metabolism and growth of the family Anaerovoracaceae and could be one of the key factors affecting the cultivation of the uncultured microbes. Our study brings a new perspective to the role of dissolved organic sulfur in hadal ecosystems and also provides valuable information for optimizing the conditions of isolating related microbial taxa from the hadal environment.

This study delves into the evolutionary history of Anaerolineaceae, a diverse bacterial family within the Chloroflexota phylum. Employing a multi-faceted approach, including phylogenetic analyses, genomic comparisons, and exploration of adaptive features, the research unveils novel insights into the family’s taxonomy and evolutionary dynamics. The investigation employs metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), emphasizing their prevalence in anaerobic environments. Notably, a novel mesophilic lineage, tentatively named Mesolinea, emerges within Anaerolineaceae, showcasing a distinctive genomic profile and apparent adaptation to a mesophilic lifestyle. The comprehensive genomic analyses shed light on the family’s complex evolutionary patterns, including the conservation of key operons in thermophiles, providing a foundation for understanding the diverse ecological roles and adaptive strategies of Anaerolineaceae members.

Insect–microbe endosymbiotic associations are omnipresent in nature, wherein the symbiotic microbes often play pivotal biological roles for their host insects. In particular, insects utilizing nutritionally imbalanced food sources are dependent on specific microbial symbionts to compensate for the nutritional deficiency via provisioning of B vitamins in blood-feeding insects, such as tsetse flies, lice, and bedbugs. Bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae (Diptera) are blood-sucking ectoparasites of bats and shown to be associated with co-speciating bacterial endosymbiont “Candidatus Aschnera chinzeii,” although functional aspects of the microbial symbiosis have been totally unknown. In this study, we report the first complete genome sequence of Aschnera from the bristled bat fly Penicillidia jenynsii. The Aschnera genome consisted of a 748,020 bp circular chromosome and a 18,747 bp circular plasmid. The chromosome encoded 603 protein coding genes (including 3 pseudogenes), 33 transfer RNAs, and 1 copy of 16S/23S/5S ribosomal RNA operon. The plasmid contained 10 protein coding genes, whose biological function was elusive. The genome size, 0.77 Mbp, was drastically reduced in comparison with 4–6 Mbp genomes of free-living γ-proteobacteria. Accordingly, the Aschnera genome was devoid of many important functional genes, such as synthetic pathway genes for purines, pyrimidines, and essential amino acids. On the other hand, the Aschnera genome retained complete or near-complete synthetic pathway genes for biotin (vitamin B7), tetrahydrofolate (vitamin B9), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (vitamin B6), suggesting that Aschnera provides these vitamins and cofactors that are deficient in the blood meal of the host bat fly. Similar retention patterns of the synthetic pathway genes for vitamins and cofactors were also observed in the endosymbiont genomes of other blood-sucking insects, such as Riesia of human lice, Arsenophonus of louse flies, and Wigglesworthia of tsetse flies, which may be either due to convergent evolution in the blood-sucking host insects or reflecting the genomic architecture of Arsenophonus-allied bacteria.

Genus Pseudomonas is a large assemblage of diverse microorganisms, not sharing a common evolutionary history. To clarify their evolutionary relationships and classification, we have conducted comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative analyses on 388 Pseudomonadaceae genomes. In phylogenomic trees, Pseudomonas species formed 12 main clusters, apart from the “Aeruginosa clade” containing its type species, P. aeruginosa. In parallel, our detailed analyses on protein sequences from Pseudomonadaceae genomes have identified 98 novel conserved signature indels (CSIs), which are uniquely shared by the species from different observed clades/groups. Six CSIs, which are exclusively shared by species from the “Aeruginosa clade,” provide reliable demarcation of this clade corresponding to the genus Pseudomonas sensu stricto in molecular terms. The remaining 92 identified CSIs are specific for nine other Pseudomonas species clades and the genera Azomonas and Azotobacter which branch in between them. The identified CSIs provide strong independent evidence of the genetic cohesiveness of these species clades and offer reliable means for their demarcation/circumscription. Based on the robust phylogenetic and molecular evidence presented here supporting the distinctness of the observed Pseudomonas species clades, we are proposing the transfer of species from the following clades into the indicated novel genera: Alcaligenes clade – Aquipseudomonas gen. nov.; Fluvialis clade – Caenipseudomonas gen. nov.; Linyingensis clade – Geopseudomonas gen. nov.; Oleovorans clade – Ectopseudomonas gen. nov.; Resinovorans clade – Metapseudomonas gen. nov.; Straminea clade – Phytopseudomonas gen. nov.; and Thermotolerans clade – Zestomonas gen. nov. In addition, descriptions of the genera Azomonas, Azotobacter, Chryseomonas, Serpens, and Stutzerimonas are emended to include information for the CSIs specific for them. The results presented here should aid in the development of a more reliable classification scheme for Pseudomonas species.

The taxonomic relationships of 10 strains isolated from seaweeds collected from two beaches in Republic of Korea were studied by sequencing and analyses of 16S rRNA genes and whole genomes. For the construction of a more reliable and robust 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, the authentic and nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of all the Microbacterium type strains were selected through pairwise comparison of the sequences contained in several public databases including the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The clustering of the ten study strains into five distinct groups was apparent in this single gene-based phylogenetic tree. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequences of a few type strains were shown to be incorrectly listed in LPSN. An overall phylogenomic clustering of the genus Microbacterium was performed with a total of 113 genomes by core genome analysis. As a result, nine major (≥ three type strains) and eight minor (two type strains) clusters were defined mostly at gene support index of 92 and mean intra-cluster OrthoANIu of >80.00%. All of the study strains were assigned to a Microbacterium liquefaciens clade and distributed further into four subclusters in the core genome-based phylogenetic tree. In vitro phenotypic assays for physiological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic characteristics were also carried out with the ten study strains and seven closely related type strains. Comparison of the overall genomic relatedness indices (OGRI) including OrthoANIu and digital DNA–DNA hybridization supported that the study strains constituted four new species of the genus Microbacterium. In addition, some Microbacterium type strains were reclassified as members of preexisting species. Moreover, some of them were embedded in a new genus of the family Microbacteriaceae based on their distinct separation in the core genome-based phylogenetic tree and amino acid identity matrices. Based on the results here, four new species, namely, Microbacterium aurugineum sp. nov., Microbacterium croceum sp. nov., Microbacterium galbinum sp. nov., and Microbacterium sufflavum sp. nov., are described, along with the proposal of Paramicrobacterium gen. nov. containing five reclassified Microbacterium species from the “Microbacterium agarici clade”, with Paramicrobacterium agarici gen. nov., comb. nov. as the type species.

The familyHalomonadaceaeis the largest family composed of halophilic bacteria, with more than 160 species with validly published names as of July 2023. Several classifications to circumscribe this family are available in major resources, such as those provided by the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), NCBI Taxonomy, Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), and Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria (BMSAB), with some degree of disagreement between them. Moreover, regardless of the classification adopted, the genusHalomonasis not phylogenetically consistent, likely because it has been used as a catch-all for newly described species within the familyHalomonadaceaethat could not be clearly accommodated in otherHalomonadaceaegenera. In the past decade, some taxonomic rearrangements have been conducted on theHalomonadaceaebased on ribosomal and alternative single-copy housekeeping gene sequence analysis. High-throughput technologies have enabled access to the genome sequences of many type strains belonging to the familyHalomonadaceae; however, genome-based studies specifically addressing its taxonomic status have not been performed to date. In this study, we accomplished the genome sequencing of 17 missing type strains ofHalomonadaceaespecies that, together with other publicly available genome sequences, allowed us to re-evaluate the genetic relationship, phylogeny, and taxonomy of the species and genera within this family. The approach followed included the estimate of the Overall Genome Relatedness Indexes (OGRIs) such as the average amino acid identity (AAI), phylogenomic reconstructions using amino acid substitution matrices customized for the familyHalomonadaceae, and the analysis of clade-specific signature genes. Based on our results, we conclude that the genusHalovibriois obviously out of place within the familyHalomonadaceae,and, on the other hand, we propose a division of the genusHalomonasinto seven separate genera and the transfer of seven species fromHalomonasto the genusModicisalibacter, together with the emendation of the latter. Additionally, data from this study demonstrate the existence of various synonym species names in this family.

Methane emission by terrestrial invertebrates is restricted to millipedes, termites, cockroaches, and scarab beetles. The arthropod-associated archaea known to date belong to the orders Methanobacteriales, Methanomassiliicoccales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinales, and in a few cases also to non-methanogenic Nitrososphaerales and Bathyarchaeales. However, all major host groups are severely undersampled, and the taxonomy of existing lineages is not well developed. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences and genomes of arthropod-associated archaea are scarce, reference databases lack resolution, and the names of many taxa are either not validly published or under-classified and require revision. Here, we investigated the diversity of archaea in a wide range of methane-emitting arthropods, combining phylogenomic analysis of isolates and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) with amplicon sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA genes. Our results allowed us to describe numerous new species in hitherto undescribed taxa among the orders Methanobacteriales (Methanacia, Methanarmilla, Methanobaculum, Methanobinarius, Methanocatella, Methanoflexus, Methanorudis, and Methanovirga, all gen. nova), Methanomicrobiales (Methanofilum and Methanorbis, both gen. nova), Methanosarcinales (Methanofrustulum and Methanolapillus, both gen. nova), Methanomassiliicoccales (Methanomethylophilaceae fam. nov., Methanarcanum, Methanogranum, Methanomethylophilus, Methanomicula, Methanoplasma, Methanoprimaticola, all gen. nova), and the new family Bathycorpusculaceae (Bathycorpusculum gen. nov.). Reclassification of amplicon libraries from this and previous studies using this new taxonomic framework revealed that arthropods harbor only CO2 and methyl-reducing hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Numerous genus-level lineages appear to be present exclusively in arthropods, suggesting long evolutionary trajectories with their termite, cockroach, and millipede hosts, and a radiation into various microhabitats and ecological niches provided by their digestive tracts (e.g., hindgut compartments, gut wall, or anaerobic protists). The distribution patterns among the different host groups are often complex, indicating a mixed mode of transmission and a parallel evolution of invertebrate and vertebrate-associated lineages.