Publications

4539

The actinobacterial strain 15G-AUS-rotT was isolated from an artificial pond located near Salzburg, Austria. The strain showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.7 % to Candidatus Aquiluna rubra and of 96.6 and 96.7 % to the two validly described species of the genus Rhodoluna . Phylogenetic reconstructions based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome-based on amino acid sequences of 118 single copy genes referred strain 15G-AUS-rotT to the family Microbacteriaceae and therein to the so-called subcluster Luna-1. The genome-based phylogenetic tree showed that the new strain represents a putative new genus. Cultures of strain 15G-AUS-rotT were light red pigmented and comprised very small, rod-shaped cells. They metabolized a broad variety of substrates. Major fatty acids (>10 %) of cells were iso-C16 : 0, antiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was MK-11 and a minor component was MK-10. The peptidoglycan structure belonged to an unusual B type. The closed genome sequence of the strain was very small (1.4 Mbp) and had a DNA G+C content of 54.8 mol%. An interesting feature was the presence of genes putatively encoding the complete light-driven proton pumping actinorhodopsin/retinal system, which were located at three different positions of the genome. Based on the characteristics of the strain, a new genus and a new species termed Aquiluna borgnonia is proposed for strain 15G-AUS-rotT (=DSM 107803T=JCM 32974T).

Pumpkin plants showing symptoms of witches’ broom (PuWB) were observed in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China, in September 2018. A phytoplasma was detected in symptomatic plants by PCR amplifying portions of the 16S ribosomal and tuf genes. In addition, the phylogeny based on these genes sequencing indicated that the PuWB strain clusters with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (subgroup 16SrXII-A). Furthermore, based on in silico and in vitro restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, the PuWB phytoplasma was confirmed as a ‘Ca. P. solani’-related strain. This was the first record of the occurrence of phytoplasma presence in pumpkins in China, and the first record of 16SrXII phytoplasma infecting pumpkins in the world.

AbstractGlyphosate is widely used as a herbicide, but recent studies begin to reveal its detrimental side effects on animals by targeting the shikimate pathway of associated gut microorganisms. However, its impact on nutritional endosymbionts in insects remains poorly understood. Here, we sequenced the tiny, shikimate pathway encoding symbiont genome of the sawtoothed grain beetleOryzaephilus surinamensis. Decreased titers of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine in symbiont-depleted beetles underscore the symbionts’ ability to synthesize prephenate as the precursor for host tyrosine synthesis and its importance for cuticle sclerotization and melanization. Glyphosate exposure inhibited symbiont establishment during host development and abolished the mutualistic benefit on cuticle synthesis in adults, which could be partially rescued by dietary tyrosine supplementation. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the shikimate pathways of many nutritional endosymbionts likewise contain a glyphosate sensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. These findings highlight the importance of symbiont-mediated tyrosine supplementation for cuticle biosynthesis in insects, but also paint an alarming scenario regarding the use of glyphosate in light of recent declines in insect populations.

Human head and body lice host the obligate endosymbiotic bacterium “ Candidatus Riesia pediculicola.” In this announcement, we describe the complete genome sequence of a “ Ca. Riesia pediculicola” strain isolated from the human head louse, Pediculus humanus subsp. capitis . The inter- and intraspecific variations of endosymbiont genomes were investigated, and this strain was found to display high-level variations in its genome.

In 2019, citrus production in Florida declined by more than 70%, mostly because of Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas). Thermotherapy for HLB-affected trees was proposed as a short-term management solution to maintain field productivity. It was hypothesized that thermotherapy could eliminate HLB from affected branches; therefore, the study objectives were to show which time–temperature combinations eliminated CLas from woody tissues. Hardening, rounded Valencia twigs collected from HLB-affected field trees were treated in a steam chamber at different time–temperature combinations (50°C for 60 s; 55°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s; 60°C for 30 s; and an untreated control). Three independent repetitions of 13 branches per treatment were grafted onto healthy rootstocks and tested to detect CLas after 6, 9, and 12 months. For the RNA-based CLas viability assay, three branches per treatment were treated and bark samples were peeled for RNA extraction and subsequent gene expression analyses. During the grafting study, at 12 months after grafting, a very low frequency of trees grafted with twigs treated at 55°C for 90 s and 55°C for 120 s had detectable CLas DNA. In the few individuals with CLas, titers were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.0001) and could have been remnants of degrading DNA. Additionally, there was a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.0001) in CLas 16S rRNA expression at 55°C for 90 s, 55°C for 120 s, and 60°C for 30 s (3.4-fold change, 3.4-fold change, and 2.3-fold change, respectively) in samples 5 days after treatment. Heat injury, not total CLas kill, could explain the limited changes in transcriptional activity; however, failed recovery and eventual death of CLas resulted in no CLas detection in most of the grafted trees treated with the highest temperatures or longest durations.

AbstractXylitol was first applied to enhance nitrogen removal from saline wastewater through “Candidatus Brocadia sinica”‐dominated anammox process under low temperature. The reactor was maintained at 15°C, and the salinity of wastewater was 35 g/L. Ammonium removal rate (ARR) and nitrite removal rate (NRR) were stable at around 0.27 kg/(m3 d) without xylitol addition. As an osmotic pressure regulator and cryoprotective agent, optimal ARR and NRR were 0.51 kg/(m3 d) and 0.63 kg/(m3 d) at 0.3 mM xylitol. At the addition of 1 mM high‐dosage xylitol, there existed dissimilatory reduction in nitrate to ammonium nitrogen and heterotrophic denitrification in the reactor. Remodified logistic model was suitable to simulate removal process with xylitol addition. As a result, xylitol dose should be controlled within 0.3 mM, which greatly promoted the nitrogen removal from saline wastewater under low temperature.Practitioner points Xylitol could be used as osmotic pressure regulator and cryoprotective agent to enhance nitrogen removal. The optimal dose was achieved at 0.3 mM xylitol for “Candidatus Brocadia sinica” in low‐temperature saline wastewater. High‐dosage xylitol could interfere with nitrogen removal efficiency due to the presence of DNAR and HB. Remodified logistic model was suitable for the analysis and prediction of nitrogen removal process with xylitol addition.