Publications

4373

El maíz (Zea mays L.) se ha constituido como el cultivo de mayor importancia económica a nivel mundial; esté cereal perteneciente a la familia Poaceae, es originario de México y utilizado tanto para consumo humano como ganadero. En México, su importancia va mucho mas allá de lo económico, su influencia a nivel social y cultural se ha visto plasmada en los vestigios de civilizaciones antiguas como la establecida por los mayas, para quienes el maíz tenía un significado religioso; sin embargo, algunos factores bióticos como bacterias, virus, hongos y fitoplasmas pueden limitar la producción de las diversas variedades de maíz cultivadas en territorio mexicano. Durante el ciclo de cultivo 2021, se colectaron plantas de maíz presentes en parcelas comerciales en el municipio de Valparaiso, Zacatecas, México las cuales presentaban una sintomatología relacionada con la presencia de fitoplasmas (enanismo, cambios de color en hojas de verde a blanco, declive general y muerte); además, se muestrearon plantas de maiz asintomáticas como testigos e insectos de la especie Dalbulus maidis. Las muestras se analizaron mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) anidada utilizando la combinación de oligonucleótidos universales P1/Tint, seguida por el par de oligonucleótidos R16F2n/R16R2 con lo que se logró obtener secuencias del gen 16S rDNA de fitoplasmas. Los análisis filogenético y RFLP virtual de las secuencias de 16S rDNA obtenidas a partir de las muestras analizadas mostraron una identidad de secuencia del 100% entre sí y una identidad de secuencia del 99.7 % con el gen homólogo de Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (accesión del GenBank M30790). La incidencia de esta nueva enfermedad fue del 15 % en los cultivos muestreados. Estos resultados relacionan a Dalbulus maidis y a Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris como pobible vector y agente causal de una nueva sintomatología en maiz.

Abstract Analysing the nitrogen (15ε) and oxygen (18ε) isotope effects of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is essential for accurately assessing its potential contribution to fixed-N losses in the ocean, yet the 18ε of anammox remains unexplored. Here, we determined the previously unexplored 18ε of anammox using a highly enriched culture of the marine anammox species “Ca. Scalindua sp”. Because Scalindua significantly accelerated oxygen isotope exchange between NO2− and H2O, we introduced a new rate constant for anammox-mediated oxygen isotope exchange (keq, AMX = 8.44 ~ 13.56 × 10−2 h−1), which is substantially faster than abiotic oxygen isotope exchange (keq, abio = 1.13 × 10−2 h−1), into a numerical model to estimate the 18ε during anammox. Based on our experimental results, we successfully determined the 18ε associated with: (1) conversion of NO2− to N2 (18εNO2- → N2 = 10.6 ~ 16.1‰), (2) NO2− oxidation to NO3− (18εNO2- → NO3- = −2.9 ~ −11.0‰, inverse fractionation), (3) incorporation of oxygen from water during NO2− oxidation to NO3− (18εH2O = 16.4 ~ 19.2‰). Our study underscores the possibility that unique anammox oxygen isotope signals may be masked due to substantial anammox-mediated oxygen isotope exchange between NO2− and H2O. Therefore, careful consideration is required when utilizing δ18ONO3- and δ18ONO2- as geochemical markers to assess the potential contribution of anammox to fixed-N losses in the ocean.

Abstract Anoxic and hypoxic environments serve as habitats for diverse microorganisms, including unicellular eukaryotes (protists) and prokaryotes. To thrive in low-oxygen environments, protists and prokaryotes often establish specialized metabolic cross-feeding associations, such as syntrophy, with other microorganisms. Previous studies show that the breviate protist Lenisia limosa engages in a mutualistic association with a denitrifying Arcobacter bacterium based on hydrogen exchange. Here, we investigate if the ability to form metabolic interactions is conserved in other breviates by studying five diverse breviate microcosms and their associated bacteria. We show that five laboratory microcosms of marine breviates live with multiple hydrogen-consuming prokaryotes that are predicted to have different preferences for terminal electron acceptors using genome-resolved metagenomics. Protist growth rates vary in response to electron acceptors depending on the make-up of the prokaryotic community. We find that the metabolic capabilities of the bacteria and not their taxonomic affiliations determine protist growth and survival and present new potential protist-interacting bacteria from the Arcobacteraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Terasakiella lineages. This investigation uncovers potential nitrogen and sulfur cycling pathways within these bacterial populations, hinting at their roles in syntrophic interactions with the protists via hydrogen exchange.