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4485

Opinion 131 addresses a Request for an Opinion asking the Judicial Commission to conserve the genus name Proteus Hauser 1885 (Approved Lists 1980) over its earlier homonym, the protozoan genus name Proteus Müller 1786. The Judicial Commission agrees that the later homonym is illegitimate and that the replacement of the prokaryotic name Proteus would be undesirable. It is also concluded that Proteus Müller 1786 is an objectively invalid name under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Judicial Opinions 9, 12 and 130 serve as precedents for the conservation of Proteus Hauser 1885 (Approved Lists 1980) over Proteus Müller 1786. This action is taken here and makes the prokaryotic name Proteus legitimate.

The anammox bacteria “Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” (Ca. Kuenenia) are able to gain energy by combining ammonium and nitrite to produce nitrogen gas, which is an ecologically and technically significant activity process. In this reaction, nitric oxide serves as a recognized intermediate in the reduction of nitrite, which is subsequently combined with ammonium to produce hydrazine. However, the enzyme that converts nitrite to nitric oxide remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the nitrite-reducing activity in “Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” strain CSTR1 to identify candidates for such an enzyme. An optimized in vitro assay was established to measure nitrite-reducing activities, with which we followed the activity in protein fractions obtained from various fractionation methods. Separation of the cell extract of strain CSTR1 with size exclusion chromatography yielded active fractions corresponding to a molecular size range of 150–200 kDa. Several proteins coeluted with the nitrite-reducing activity, including the hydroxylamine dehydrogenase HOX, an NADP-dependent isopropanol dehydrogenase (Adh), an electron-transfer 4Fe-4S subunit protein (Fcp), and a nitric oxide detoxifying flavorubredoxin (NorVW). However, further separation of the cell extract with anion exchange chromatography, resulted in much lower activity yields, and activities were distributed among several fractions. In addition, fractionation of cell extracts using ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration linked the activity to HOX, but could not exclude the involvement of other proteins in the activity. Overall, our results suggest that the molecular mechanism for nitrite reduction in “Ca. Kuenenia” strains is more complex than that currently described in the literature. Nitrite reduction appears to be strongly associated with HOX but may additionally require the participation of other proteins.

A novel, strictly aerobic, non-motile, and pink-pigmented bacterium, designated 7Alg 153T, was isolated from the Pacific green alga Cladophora stimpsonii. Strain 7Alg 153T was able to grow at 4–32 °C in the presence of 1.5–4% NaCl and hydrolyze L-tyrosine, gelatin, aesculin, Tweens 20, 40, and 80 and urea, as well as produce catalase, oxidase, and nitrate reductase. The novel strain 7Alg 153T showed the highest similarity of 96.75% with Pseudaestuariivita rosea H15T, followed by Thalassobius litorarius MME-075T (96.60%), Thalassobius mangrovi GS-10T (96.53%), Tritonibacter litoralis SM1979T (96.45%), and Marivita cryptomonadis CL-SK44T (96.38%), indicating that it belongs to the family Roseobacteraceae, the order Rhodobacteales, the class Alphaproteobacteria, and the phylum Pseudomonadota. The respiratory ubiquinone was Q-10. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminolipids, and one unidentified lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>5%) were C18:1 ω7c, C16:0, C18:0, and 11-methyl C18:1 ω7c. The 7Alg 153T genome is composed of a single circular chromosome of 3,786,800 bp and two circular plasmids of 53,157 bp and 37,459 bp, respectively. Pan-genome analysis showed that the 7Alg 153T genome contains 33 genus-specific clusters spanning 92 genes. The COG20-annotated singletons were more often related to signal transduction mechanisms, cell membrane biogenesis, transcription, and transport, and the metabolism of amino acids. The complete photosynthetic gene cluster (PGC) for aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis (AAP) was found on a 53 kb plasmid. Based on the phylogenetic evidence and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the novel isolate represents a novel genus and species within the family Roseobacteraceae, for which the name Algirhabdus cladophorae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 7Alg 153T (=KCTC 72606T = KMM 6494T).

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease of citrus plants caused by the non-culturable phloem-inhabiting bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter ssp., being Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) the most aggressive species. CLas is vectored by the psyllid Diaphorina citri and introduced into sieve cells, establishing a successful infection in all Citrus species. Partial or complete resistance has been documented in the distant relatives Murraya paniculata and Bergera koenigii, respectively, providing excellent systems to investigate the molecular basis of HLB-resistance. It has been shown previously that the first weeks after bacterial release into the phloem are critical for the establishment of the bacterium. In this study, a thorough transcriptomic analysis of young flushes exposed to CLas-positive and negative psyllids has been performed in Citrus × sinensis, as well as in the aforementioned resistant species, along the first eight weeks after exposure. Our results indicate that the resistant species do not deploy a classical immunity response upon CLas recognition. Instead, transcriptome changes are scarce and only a few genes are differentially expressed when flushes exposed to CLas-positive and negative psyllid are compared. Functional analysis suggests that primary metabolism and other basic cellular functions could be rewired in the resistant species to limit infection. Transcriptomes of young flushes of the three species are very different, supporting the existence of distinct biochemical niches for the bacterium. These findings suggest that both intrinsic metabolic inadequacies to CLas survival, as well as inducible reprogramming of physiological functions upon CLas recognition, could orchestrate together restriction of bacterial multiplication in these resistant hosts.

Fungi engage in diverse symbiotic relationships with phototrophs. Lichens, symbiotic complexes involving fungi and either cyanobacteria, green algae, or both, have fungi forming the external layer and much of the interior. We found an erect thallus resembling a lichen yet with an unexpected thallus structure composed of interwoven cyanobacterial filaments with numerous fungal hyphae inserted within individual cyanobacterial sheaths, contrasting with typical lichen structure. Phylogenetics identified the fungus as a previously undescribed species, Serendipita cyanobacteriicola , closely related to endophytes, and the cyanobacterium belongs to the family Coleofasciculaceae, representing a genus and species not yet classified, Symbiothallus taiwanensis . These thalli exhibit nitrogen-fixing activity similar to mosses but lower than cyanolichens. Both symbiotic partners are distinct from known lichen-forming symbionts, uncovering a phylogenetically and morphologically unprecedented thallus-forming fungus-cyanobacterium symbiosis. We propose the name “phyllosymbia” for these thalli to underscore their unique symbiotic nature and leaf-like appearance. This finding marks a previously unknown instance of fungi solely residing within structures generated by cyanobacteria.

Two Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-gliding bacteria, designated as HL-DH10T and HL-DH14, were isolated from the halophyte Suaeda japonica in a mudflat, Republic of Korea. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene pairwise analysis, the two isolates were the members of the family Flavobacteriaceae, and Aestuariibaculum suncheonense SC17T was the most closely related to strains HL-DH10T and HL-DH14 with 96.3% and 95.4% sequence similarity, respectively. The average nt identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strains HL-DH10T and HL-DH14 and other related species were all less than 79.2% and 21.9%, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains HL-DH10T and HL-DH14 were 32.0% and 31.5%, respectively. Cells of these strains showed optimal growth at 25 °C, pH 6.5–7.0 and 2.5–4.0% (w/v) sea salts. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (14.0–16.0%), iso-C15:1 G (10.0–12.0%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (12.4–13.9%), iso-C15:0 3-OH (11.8–14.9%) and anteiso-C15:0 (9.4–10.6%). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two to three unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. The comprehensive phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results indicate that strains HL-DH10T and HL-DH14 are considered to represent a novel genus of Flavobacteriaceae. Hence, we propose the novel genus Thalassobellus suaedae gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is HL-DH10T (=KCCM 90512T=JCM 36598T).

In the domain Bacteria, one of the largest, most diverse and environmentally ubiquitous phylogenetic groups, Candidatus Patescibacteria (also known as candidate phyla radiation/CPR), remains poorly characterized, leaving a major knowledge gap in microbial ecology. We recently discovered a novel cross-domain symbiosis between Ca. Patescibacteria and Archaea in highly purified enrichment cultures and proposed Candidatus taxa for the characterized species, including Ca. Minisyncoccus archaeophilus and the corresponding family Ca. Minisyncoccaceae. In this study, we report the isolation of this bacterium, designated strain PMX.108T, in a two-strain co-culture with a host archaeon, Methanospirillum hungatei strain DSM 864T (JF-1T), and hereby describe it as the first representative species of Ca. Patescibacteria. Strain PMX.108T was isolated from mesophilic methanogenic sludge in an anaerobic laboratory-scale bioreactor treating synthetic purified terephthalate- and dimethyl terephthalate-manufacturing wastewater. The strain could not grow axenically and is obligately anaerobic and parasitic, strictly depending on M. hungatei as a host. The genome was comparatively large (1.54 Mbp) compared to other members of the clade, lacked some genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway and encoded type IV pili-related genes associated with the parasitic lifestyle of ultrasmall microbes. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.6 mol%. Here, we report the phenotypic and genomic properties of strain PMX.108T; we propose Minisyncoccus archaeiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov. to accommodate this strain. The type strain of the species is PMX.108T (=JCM 39522T). We also propose the associated family, order, class and phylum as Minisyncoccaceae fam. nov. Minisyncoccales nov., Minisyncoccia class. nov. and Minisyncoccota phyl. nov. within the bacterial kingdom Bacillati.

A novel yellow-coloured bacterial strain MA10T was isolated from mangrove sediment and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic identification. Strain MA10T was Gram-negative, rod-shaped, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. Carotenoid pigment was present, and flexirubin-type pigment was absent. The 16S rRNA gene of strain MA10T had the highest sequence similarity with Tamlana crocina HST1-43T of 94.5%. The genome size was 3.77 Mbp with a genomic G+C content of 36.3%. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole-genome sequence showed that strain MA10T belonged to the genus Tamlana of the family Flavobacteriaceae and tightly clustered with T. crocina HST1-43T. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value and average nucleotide identity value between strain MA10T and T. crocina HST1-43T were 20.4 and 76.7%, respectively. The major menaquinone was MK-6. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15:0 (41.6%) and iso-C15:1 G (16.8%). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. Based on the present polyphasic taxonomic study, strain MA10T was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tamlana, for which the name Tamlana flava sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain was MA10T (=MCCC 1K09289T=KCTC 102321T). Additionally, the phylogeny of the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences found that the hitherto described nine species of the genus Tamlana and Algibacter onchidii presented polyphyletic clades, which could be divided into five different genera. The average amino acid identity value of 80% was chosen as the boundary of the five genera. Thus, except for the genus Tamlana, four novel genera named Allotamlana gen. nov., Cognatitamlana gen. nov., Neotamlana gen. nov. and Pseudotamlana gen. nov. were proposed. This study provided valuable taxonomic analysis of the genus Tamlana.

Abstract Citrus Huanglongbing and Citrus tristeza are two diseases that affect the citrus industry worldwide. The pathogens causing these diseases are the phloem-limited bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’ (mainly Ca. L. asiaticus, CLas) and citrus tristeza virus (CTV). We recently found that both CLas and CTV could be acquired and retained by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. However, the mechanism through which CLas and CTV interact with the insect vectors and plant hosts has not been defined. In this study, an electrical penetration graph was used to study the feeding behavior of D. citri adults on four groups of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Hongjü plants: healthy, CLas-infected, CTV-infected, and CTV-CLas coinfected plants. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was applied to analyze the metabolites of the four groups of plants. The combined results are as follows: (1) The lowest number of metabolites were enriched in CTV-infected plants, which hardly influenced the feeding behavior of D. citri, suggesting that mild CTV strain (CT31) infection caused limited disorders in citrus plants compared with CLas infection; (2) Increased levels of L-arabinose and kaempferol in CTV-infected and CLas-CTV coinfected plants were suggested to contribute to increased penetration time during feeding of D. citri. CLas-infection increases the difficulty of finding appropriate feeding sites by the vector and results in xylem feeding for certain duration; (3) A significant reduction in α-linolenic acid metabolism in CLas-infected plants was found to be related to methyl jasmonate signaling, which induced resistance to D. citri and increased the duration of salivation. This effect was reversed by coinfection with CTV and was consistent with the phloem structure and carbohydrate accumulation alteration; (4) Stress response-associated 2'-hydroxygenistein and sakuranetin were highly upregulated flavonoid in CTV-CLas coinfected plants. This combinged with the anatomical alterations might interfere with D. citri feeding in the citrus phloem, as reflected by the time reduction of sap-sucking there. These findings will provide new insights into the interactions between CTV and CLas in citrus and the insect vector D. citri that transmiting these pathogens.