Publications

4509

The thymidylate kinase (tmk) gene is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of phytoplasma. To reveal the molecular variation and phylogeny of the tmk genes of Candidatus phytoplasma ziziphi, in this study, the tmk genes of 50 phytoplasma strains infecting different resistant and susceptible jujube cultivars from different regions in China were amplified and analyzed. Two sequence types, tmk-x and tmk-y, were identified using clone-based sequencing. The JWB phytoplasma strains were classified into three types, type-X, type-Y, and type-XY, based on the sequencing chromatograms of the tmk genes. The type-X and type-Y strains contained only tmk-x and tmk-y genes, respectively. The type-XY strain contained both tmk-x and tmk-y genes. The type-X, type-Y, and type-XY strains comprised 42%, 12%, and 46% of all the strains, respectively. The type-X and type-XY strains were identified in both susceptible and resistant jujube cultivars, while type-Y strain was only identified in susceptible cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the tmk genes of the phytoplasmas were divided into two categories: phylo-S and phylo-M. The phylo-S tmk gene was single-copied in the genome, with an evolutionary pattern similar to the 16S rRNA gene; the phylo-M tmk gene was multi-copied, related to PMU-mediated within-genome transposition and between-genome transfer. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree suggested that the tmk genes shuttled between the genomes of the Paulownia witches’ broom phytoplasma and JWB phytoplasma. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of phytoplasmas.

El tomate es una de las hortalizas de mayor consumo a nivel mundial, y México ocupa los primeros lugares en exportación. Plagas y enfermedades que atacan el cultivo de tomate obligan a los productores a usar plaguicidas, causando contaminación ambiental. En la actualidad se buscan nuevos productos que sean amigables con el medio ambiente, pero que a su  vez tengan efectividad para el control de plagas y enfermedades; una opción viable es la menadiona bisulfito de sodio (MBS). El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto bioestimulante de la MBS en plantas de tomate infectadas con Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLso), así como evaluar la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad en las plantas. El experimento se desarrolló bajo condiciones de invernadero en tomate de la variedad Floradade, cuyas plantas se trataron con las concentraciones de MBS antes de la inoculación. Se establecieron ocho tratamientos, cuatro inoculados con CaLso y tratados con MBS (55, 80, 100 y 500 ppm), otro con tratamiento químico e inoculado, un tratamiento testigo inoculado y dos tratamientos sin inocular, uno como testigo absoluto y otro solo tratado con 500 ppm MBS. Enseguida se inoculó con CaLso y las aplicaciones de MBS fueron realizadas a intervalos de 15 días posteriores a la inoculación. Se evaluaron variables agronómicas, incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad. La MBS logró reducir la severidad de 23.5 a 41.7 % en plantas inoculadas con la bacteria CaLso, e incrementó las variables agronómicas de altura deplanta, peso fresco y peso seco de la planta y raíz, firmeza y grados Brix. Los resultados mostraron que la MBS puede ser integrada  para el manejo de la enfermedad causada por CaLso en el cultivo del tomate.

A Gram-negative, obligatory anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated strain IA91T, was isolated from sediments and formation water from deep aquifers in Japan. IA91T derives its peptidoglycan, energy and carbon from exogenous cell wall fragments, namely muropeptides, released from actively reproducing bacteria, and is dependent on other bacteria for cell wall formation, growth and even cell shape: IA91T is irregular rod-shaped but coccoids when muropeptide is absent. IA91T grew in a temperature range of 25–45 °C with optimum growth at 40 °C. IA91T utilized limited substrates, yeast extract, muropeptides and d-lactate. The major end products from yeast extract degradation were acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Co-cultivation with a hydrogen-scavenging methanogenic archaeon promoted IA91T growth. No anaerobic respiration with nitrate, nitrite, sulphate or Fe(III) was observed. The major cellular fatty acids are C16 : 0, C18 : 1 trans9, C18 : 0 and C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and conserved protein sequences involved in replication, transcription and translation indicated that IA91T belonged to the candidate phylum Marine Group A (MG-A, SAR406 or Ca. Marinimicrobia) with no cultivated representatives. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenomic characteristics, a new genus and species, Fidelibacter multiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed for IA91T (= JCM 39387T = KCTC 25736T). In addition, a new bacterial phylum named Fidelibacterota phyl. nov. is proposed for the candidate phylum MG-A represented by F. multiformis and Fidelibacteraceae fam. nov., Fidelibacterales ord. nov. and Fidelibacteria classis nov.