Publications

4876

Recurrent epiphytotics of X-disease, caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni,’ have inflicted significant losses on commercial cherry and peach production across North America in the last century. During this period, there have been multiple studies reporting different disease phenotypes and, more recently, identifying different strains through sequencing core genes, but the symptoms have not, to date, been linked with genotype. Therefore, in this study we collected and assessed differing disease phenotypes from multiple U.S. states and conducted multilocus sequence analysis on these strains. We identified a total of five lineages associated with the induction of X-disease on commercial Prunus species and two lineages that were associated with wild P. virginiana. Despite a century of interstate plant movement, there were regional trends in terms of lineages present, and lineage-specific symptoms were observed on P. avium, P. cerasus, and P. virginiana, but not on P. persica. Cumulatively, these data have allowed us to define “true” X-disease–inducing strains of concern to the stone fruit industry across North America, as well as potential sources of infection that exist in the extraorchard environment.

AbstractSpotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia, the causative agent of SFG rickettsiosis, is predominantly carried by ticks, whereas Orientia tsutusgamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is primarily transmitted by chigger mites in Japan. In this study, we attempted to isolate intracellular eubacteria from Leptotrombidium scutellare, a major vector of O. tsutsugamushi; moreover, we isolated an SFG rickettsia using a mosquito‐derived cell line. Draft genome sequences of this unique isolate, by applying criteria for species delimitation, classified this isolate as a novel strain, proposed as “Rickettsia kedanie.” Further genetic analysis identified conserved virulence factors, and the isolate successfully propagated in mammalian cells, suggesting its ability to cause diseases in humans. The presence of SFG rickettsia in unfed larvae implies potential dual‐pathogen carriage and reflects a symbiotic relationship similar to that between the mites and O. tsutsugamushi, indicating possibility of its transovarial transmission from female adults. Furthermore, conserved genomic similarity of the novel isolate to known SFG rickettsia suggests potential multiple hosts, including chiggers and ticks. In the natural environment, ticks, chigger mites, and wild animals may carry new isolates, complicating the infection cycle and increasing the transmission risks to humans. This discovery challenges the conventional association of SFG rickettsia with ticks, emphasizing its implications for research and disease control. However, this study was confined to a particular species of chigger mites and geographic area, underscoring the necessity for additional studies to comprehend the ecological dynamics, host interactions, and health implications linked to this newly identified SFG rickettsia.

‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, the putative causal agent of citrus greening disease, is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, in a propagative, circulative, and persistent manner. Unfortunately, ‘ Ca. L. asiaticus’ is not yet available in pure culture to carry out Koch's postulates and to confirm its etiology. When a pure culture is available, an assay to test its infectivity in both the insect vector and the plant host will be crucial. Herein, we described a transmission assay based on the use of phloem sap extracted from infected citrus plants and topical feeding to D. citri nymphs. Phloem sap was collected by centrifugation, diluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 20% (wt/vol) sucrose and 0.1% ascorbic acid (wt/vol) as an antioxidant, and delivered to third through fifth instar nymphs by placing droplets on the mouthparts. Nymphs unfolded the stylets and acquired the phloem sap containing the bacterial pathogen. Nymphs were then placed onto Citrus macrophylla seedlings (10 nymphs per seedling) for an inoculation period of 2 weeks. A transmission rate of up to 80% was recorded at 6 months postinoculation. The method could be a powerful tool to test the transmissibility of the bacterial pathogen after various treatments to reduce the viability of the bacteria or to block its transmission. In addition, it might be a potent assay to achieve Koch's postulates if a pure culture of ‘ Ca. L. asiaticus’ becomes available.

Abstract Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) has been causing enormous damage to the global citrus industry. As the main causal agent, ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ ( C Las) delivers a set of effectors to modulate host responses, while the modes of action adopted remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CLIBASIA_00185 ( C Las0185) could attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana . Transgenic expression of C Las0185 in Citrus sinensis ‘Wanjincheng’ enhanced plant susceptibility to C Las. We found that methionine sulphoxide reductase B1 (CsMsrB1) was targeted by the effector, and its abundance was elevated in CLas0185 ‐transgenic citrus plants. Their interaction promoted C Las proliferation. We then determined that CsMsrB1 sustained redox state and enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase 1 (CsAPX1) under oxidative stress. The latter reduced H 2 O 2 accumulation and was associated with host susceptibility to C Las infection. Consistently, citrus plants expressing C Las0185 and CsMsrB1 conferred enhanced APX activity and decreased H 2 O 2 content. Taken together, these findings revealed how C Las0185 benefits C Las colonization by targeting CsMsrB1, which facilitated the antioxidant activity and depressed ROS during pathogen infection.

The phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is the putative causal pathogen of the severe Asiatic form of huanglongbing (citrus greening) and is most commonly transmitted by the Asiatic citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. CLas severely affects many Citrus species and hybrids and has been recorded in the Citrus relative, orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (syn. M. exotica L.). In this study, 13 accessions of three Murraya species (M. paniculata, M. sumatrana Roxb., and M. lucida [G.Forst.] Mabb.) and the Papuan form of a putative hybrid (M. omphalocarpa Hayata) were identified morphologically and molecularly based on sequence identity of the matK-5′trnK region of the chloroplast genome, and infection on these plants under field conditions was determined by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on two to four occasions over 14 months. CLas was repeatedly detected in leaflet midribs by PCR and qPCR on four and three accessions of M. paniculata and M. sumatrana, respectively. It was not detected in leaflet midribs of single accessions of M. lucida and M. omphalocarpa. The species identification of the CLas-positive accessions was further confirmed using all the molecular taxonomic markers consisting of the six fragments of the maternally inherited chloroplast genome and part of the nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The results indicated that natural infection of M. paniculata and M. sumatrana with CLas can occur in Java. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the natural infection of M. sumatrana with CLas. Further studies are required to determine whether infections persist in the absence of D. citri.

AbstractAnemia is a common problem in South American camelids (SACs). Infections with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae (CMh), a cell-wall free, hemotropic bacterium, are often suspected to be an important cause of anemia, as the pathogen infects the erythrocytes and is found in the blood of up to 30% of SACs. The information on the clinical signs of animals infected with this pathogen vary widely. Most infections are clinically inapparent. Treatment is usually carried out with oxytetracycline. A detailed overview of the clinical and hematological findings in 13 alpacas infected with Candidatus M. haemolamae (CMh+), based on patients from our university clinic and comparing those findings with the results of 22 negative alpacas (CMh−) is provided. Assignment to both groups was based on the PCR result. No relevant clinical or hematological differences between CMh+ and CMh− were found, the clinical signs in CMh+ were usually due to comorbidities. The examination of a blood smear alone proved to be insufficient; a PCR test should be carried out to confirm or rule out an infection. A critical review of the need for antibiotic treatment on the basis of a positive test result alone is recommended.