Levoglucosan is the most prevalent soluble carbohydrate remaining after high-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, but it is not fermented by typical production microbes such as
Escherichia coli
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. A few fungi metabolize levoglucosan via the enzyme levoglucosan kinase, while several bacteria metabolize levoglucosan via levoglucosan dehydrogenase.