Publications

3805

The pathogenicity of intracellular plant pathogenic bacteria is associated with the action of pathogenicity factors/effectors, but their physiological roles for most phytoplasma species, including ‘Candidiatus Phytoplasma solani’ are unknown. Six putative pathogenicity factors/effectors from six different strains of ‘Ca. P. solani’ were selected by bioinformatic analysis. The way in which they manipulate the host cellular machinery was elucidated by analyzing Nicotiana benthamiana leaves after Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation with the pathogenicity factor/effector constructs using confocal microscopy, pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation, and enzyme assays. Candidate pathogenicity factors/effectors were shown to modulate plant carbohydrate metabolism and the ascorbate–glutathione cycle and to induce autophagosomes. PoStoSP06, PoStoSP13, and PoStoSP28 were localized in the nucleus and cytosol. The most active effector in the processes studied was PoStoSP06. PoStoSP18 was associated with an increase in phosphoglucomutase activity, whereas PoStoSP28, previously annotated as an antigenic membrane protein StAMP, specifically interacted with phosphoglucomutase. PoStoSP04 induced only the ascorbate–glutathione cycle along with other pathogenicity factors/effectors. Candidate pathogenicity factors/effectors were involved in reprogramming host carbohydrate metabolism in favor of phytoplasma own growth and infection. They were specifically associated with three distinct metabolic pathways leading to fructose-6-phosphate as an input substrate for glycolysis. The possible significance of autophagosome induction by PoStoSP28 is discussed.

Based on genome-wide data, Massilia species belonging to the clade including Telluria mixta LMG 11547T should be entirely transferred to the genus Telluria owing to the nomenclatural priority of the type species Telluria mixta . This results in the transfer of 35 Massilia species to the genus Telluria . The presented data also supports the creation of two new genera since peripherally branching Massilia species are distinct from Telluria and other related genera. It is proposed that 13 Massilia species are transferred to Mokoshia gen. nov. with the type species designated Mokoshia eurypsychrophila comb. nov. The species Massilia arenosa is proposed to belong to the genus Zemynaea gen. nov. as the type species Zemynaea arenosa comb. nov. The genome-wide analysis was well supported by canonical ordination analysis of Enzyme Commission (EC) codes annotated from genomes via pannzer2. This new approach was performed to assess the conclusions of the genome-based data and reduce possible ambiguity in the taxonomic decision making. Cross-validation of EC code data compared within canonical plots validated the reclassifications and correctly visualized the expected genus-level taxonomic relationships. The approach is complementary to genome-wide methodology and could be used for testing sequence alignment based data across genetically related genera. In addition to the proposed broader reclassifications, invalidly described species ‘Massilia antibiotica’, ‘Massilia aromaticivorans’, ‘Massilia cellulosiltytica’ and ‘ Massilia humi ’ are described as Telluria antibiotica sp. nov., Telluria aromaticivorans sp. nov., Telluria cellulosilytica sp. nov. and Pseudoduganella humi sp. nov., respectively. In addition, Telluria chitinolytica is reclassified as Pseudoduganella chitinolytica comb. nov. The use of combined genome-wide and annotation descriptors compared using canonical ordination clarifies the taxonomy of Telluria and its sibling genera and provides another way to evaluate complex taxonomic data.

Abstract Objectives In order to provide a better insight into the functional capacity of the human gut microbiome, we isolated a novel bacterium, “Candidatus Intestinicoccus colisanans” gen. nov. sp. nov., and performed whole genome sequencing. This study will provide new insights into the functional potential of this bacterium and its role in modulating host health and well-being. We expect that this data resource will be useful in providing additional insight into the diversity and functional potential of the human microbiome. Data description Here, we report the first draft genome sequences of “Candidatus Intestinicoccus colisanans” strains MH27-1 and MH27-2, recovered from faeces collected from healthy human donors. The genomes were sequenced using short-read Illumina technology and whole-genome-based comparisons and phylogenomics reconstruction indicate that “Candidatus Intestinicoccus colisanans” represents a novel genus and species within the family Acutalibacteraceae. Both genomes were estimated to be > 98% completed and to range in size from 2.9 to 3.3 Mb with a G + C content of approximately 51%. The gene repertoire of “Candidatus Intestinicoccus colisanans” indicate it is likely a saccharolytic gut bacterium.

La producción de limón persa (LP) es importante para el estado de Veracruz, México. Sin embargo, se ve afectada por el Huanglongbing (HLB), causada por Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), un patógeno biotrófico obligado. LP presenta un cierto nivel de tolerancia al HLB, por tanto, resulta relevante estudiar su respuesta de defensa mediada por ácido salicílico (SA). Tres genes con capacidad de participar en la ruta de respuesta por SA, conocidos como NtSABP, han sido identificados en Nicotiana tabacum; sin embargo, se desconoce la presencia y actividad de dichos genes en LP en respuesta al HLB. En este trabajo se identificaron proteínas homólogas tipo SABP en el transcriptoma de LP y se determinó su grado de expresión diferencial durante la infección con CLas. Se realizó un tBLASTn en el transcriptoma de LP usando como modelo secuencias de las proteínas SABP de cinco diferentes especies, incluyendo N. tabacum. Se reconstruyó y comparó el modelo 3D de las proteínas SABP de N. tabacum y C. latifolia. Con los análisis de tBLASTn, la reconstrucción filogenética y la estructura tridimensional se logró identificar el homólogo directo de cada gen NtSABP en LP. Interesantemente, los genes ClSABP1, ClSABP2 y ClSABP3 mostraron represión en plantas infectadas con CLas. En LP hay al menos un homólogo para cada gen NtSABP. Durante la infección por CLas, estos genes se encuentran ligeramente reprimidos.

El Huanglongbing (HLB) es una enfermedad considerada como la más destructiva para los cítricos en el mundo, es causada por Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) y diseminada por el vector Diaphorina citri. El HLB ha generado cuantiosas pérdidas económicas en la citricultura mundial. Todas las variedades comerciales de cítricos son susceptibles a esta enfermedad. La naturaleza de CLas como parásito intra celular estricto limitado al floema dificulta el estudio fitopatológico de la enfermedad. Las herramientas “ómicas”, que permiten aplicar análisis comparativos con enfoque masivos, han resultado útiles para describir la interacción entre el agente patogénico y diferentes especies de cítricos, generando conocimiento sobre las bases moleculares de la patogenicidad de CLas y de las respuestas de los hospederos ante la infección. Sin embargo, muchos procesos inmersos en la compleja interacción CLas-cítricos aún no son del todo comprendidos. En la presente revisión se resumen algunos de los principales hallazgos en la última década relacionados con los posibles mecanismos de patogenicidad de CLas a nivel molecular, así como de las respuestas transcripcionales y metabólicas inducidas en cítricos tolerantes o susceptibles, ante la infección. Este conocimiento es necesario para el diseño e implementación de nuevas estrategias para el manejo sustentable de la enfermedad.

AbstractPhytoplasmas are bacteria transmitted by insects that can cause plant diseases. In Bogotá 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and ' Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini', infect 11 species of urban trees, weeds, grass, potato and strawberry. A set of primers, that amplify both phytoplasmas species were designed and used for absolute and relative qPCR quantification of the 16SrRNA gene. The primers AJ-16Sr-F/AJ-16Sr-R allowed the amplification of ‘Ca. P. asteris’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae’, ‘Ca. P. fraxini’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’, not of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’. Absolute qPCR detected phytoplasmas between 1 × 109 and 1 × 103 copies/μL DNA extract. Two species-specific hydrolysis probes, AJ-16SrI-Cy5.5 and AJ-16SrVII-TexRed, were designed to detect 'Ca. P. asteris' and 'Ca. P. fraxini' respectively, using the AJ-16Sr-F/AJ-16Sr-R primers. For relative quantification, the 18SrRNA gene was used as normalizer. Relative qPCR detected phytoplasmas between 1 × 109 and 1 × 103 copies/μL DNA extract. Multiplex reactions allowed the specific quantification of 'Ca. P. asteris', 'Ca. P. fraxini' in comparison to the normalizer. qPCR methods were validated on natural hosts Andean oak trees and leafhoppers. The relative quantification values were higher for 'Ca. P. fraxini' (x̅ RQ = 3203.1 ± 2622,9 n = 14) compared with 'Ca. P. asteris' (x̅ RQ = 14.9 ± 24,5 n = 6) in oak tree samples. In the leafhoppers, the relative quantification values ranged between RQ = 26.5 and RQ = 294,927.3 for 'Ca. P. fraxini’ and RQ = 34.8 and RQ = 1722.2 for 'Ca. P. asteris'. In conclusion, although absolute qPCR allowed the quantification of phytoplasmas by comparing Cq (quantification cycle) values of samples with a standard curve, it did not allow to differentiate between 'Ca. P. asteris' and 'Ca. P. fraxini'. In contrast, relative qPCR assays using specific hydrolysis probes allowed the specific detection and quantification of each phytoplasma, in individual and mixed infections in insect vectors and plant hosts.

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) se ha dispersado rápidamente a las regiones productoras de cítricos en México, ocasionando impactos económicos y sociales diferenciados. En México, los principales avances en investigación se han centrado en el manejo del vector, Diaphorina citri y en estudios de la interacción de CLas con limón mexicano. Sin embargo, la variabilidad genética de la bacteria en regiones productoras de México se ha estudiado poco. Por lo que, en el presente estudio se analizó la variación de la población mexicana de CLas con procedimientos basados en PCR, secuenciación y electroforesis capilar a través de la detección del número de repeticiones en tándem (TRN) con dos marcadores STR, AGACACA y TACAGAA, el primero localizado en locus genómicos CLIBASIA_01645 y adenosina deaminasas. La distribución de los TRNs en la población mexicana de CLas en ambos loci mostraron variaciones con las poblaciones previamente reportadas en Florida, China y Brasil. Además, en la población mexicana se encontraron tres haplotipos, HA, HB y HC, siendo el primer reporte del haplotipo HC en las regiones citrícolas en México. Interesantemente, las subpoblaciones de CLas del Occidente y Noroeste son diferentes a la del Sureste.

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) causes disease symptoms and economic losses in potato, tomato, and other solanaceous crops in North America. Lso is transmitted to plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, which occurs as distinct haplotypes named western, central, and northwestern that differ in the presence or absence of the bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia. Previous work showed that all three vector haplotypes can transmit Lso, but it was not clear whether acquisition and transmission rates of Lso were equal among the haplotypes. The goal of our study was to compare Lso infection rates among psyllids of the western, central, and northwestern haplotypes. Using data collected from several years of periodic testing of Lso infection of laboratory-reared potato psyllid colonies, we showed that psyllids of the western and central haplotypes are more likely to harbor Lso than are psyllids of the northwestern haplotype. We then used greenhouse assays to demonstrate that psyllids of the northwestern haplotype are less likely to acquire and transmit Lso than those of the western haplotype. Lso infection rates corresponded with Wolbachia infection among the three psyllid haplotypes. The Wolbachia-infected central and western haplotypes were more likely to harbor and transmit Lso than the Wolbachia-free northwestern haplotype. Results demonstrate that potato psyllids of the western and central haplotypes pose a greater risk for spread of Lso in crops and suggest a pattern between infection with Lso and Wolbachia in potato psyllid.