Toyoda, Atsushi

ABSTRACT The genomes of obligate bacterial co-symbionts of the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps , which is notorious as an agricultural pest, were determined. The streamlined genomes of “ Candidatus Sulcia muelleri” and “ Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola” exhibited complementary metabolic pathways for synthesizing essential nutrients that contribute to host adaptation.

Termites harbor diverse symbiotic gut microorganisms, the majority of which are as yet uncultivable and their interrelationships unclear. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the uncultured Bacteroidales endosymbiont of the cellulolytic protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii, which accounts for 70% of the bacterial cells in the gut of the termite Coptotermes formosanus . Functional annotation of the chromosome (1,114,206 base pairs) unveiled its ability to fix dinitrogen and recycle putative host nitrogen wastes for biosynthesis of diverse amino acids and cofactors, and import glucose and xylose as energy and carbon sources. Thus, nitrogen fixation and cellulolysis are coupled within the protist's cells. This highly evolved symbiotic system probably underlies the ability of the worldwide pest termites Coptotermes to use wood as their sole food.