Gavrilov, Sergey N.

The anaerobic oxidation of fatty acids and alcohols occurs near the thermodynamic limit of life. This process is driven by syntrophic bacteria that oxidize fatty acids and/or alcohols, their syntrophic partners that consume the products of this oxidation, and the pathways for interspecies electron exchange via these products or direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Due to the interdependence of syntrophic microorganisms on each other’s metabolic activity, their isolation in pure cultures is almost impossible. Thus, little is known about their physiology, and the only available way to fill in the knowledge gap on these organisms is genomic and metabolic analysis of syntrophic cultures. Here we report the results of genome sequencing and analysis of an obligately syntrophic alkaliphilic bacterium ‘Candidatus Contubernalis alkaliaceticus’. The genomic data suggest that acetate oxidation is carried out by the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, while a bimodular respiratory system involving an Rnf complex and a Na+-dependent ATP synthase is used for energy conservation. The predicted genomic ability of ‘Ca. C. alkaliaceticus’ to outperform interspecies electron transfer both indirectly, via H2 or formate, and directly, via pili-like appendages of its syntrophic partner or conductive mineral particles, was experimentally demonstrated. This is the first indication of DIET in the class Dethiobacteria.

AbstractIntriguing, yet uncultured ‘ARMAN’-like archaea are metabolically dependent on other members of the microbial community. It remains uncertain though which hosts they rely upon, and, because of the lack of complete genomes, to what extent. Here, we report the co-culturing of ARMAN-2-related organism, Mia14, with Cuniculiplasma divulgatum PM4 during the isolation of this strain from acidic streamer in Parys Mountain (Isle of Anglesey, UK). Mia14 is highly enriched in the binary culture (ca. 10% genomic reads) and its ungapped 0.95 Mbp genome points at severe voids in central metabolic pathways, indicating dependence on the host, C. divulgatum PM4. Analysis of C. divulgatum isolates from different sites and shotgun sequence data of Parys Mountain samples suggests an extensive genetic exchange between Mia14 and hosts in situ. Within the subset of organisms with high-quality genomic assemblies representing the ‘DPANN’ superphylum, the Mia14 lineage has had the largest gene flux, with dozens of genes gained that are implicated in the host interaction.

Summary A novel moderately thermophilic, facultatively anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacterium strain P3M ‐2 T was isolated from a microbial mat developing on the wooden surface of a chute under the flow of hot water (46° C ) coming out of a 2775‐m‐deep oil exploration well ( T omsk region, R ussia). Strain P3M ‐2 T is a moderate thermophile and facultative anaerobe growing on mono‐, di‐ or polysaccharides by aerobic respiration, fermentation or by reducing diverse electron acceptors [nitrite, F e( III ), As ( V )]. Its closest cultivated relative (90.8% rRNA gene sequence identity) is I gnavibacterium album , the only chemoorganotrophic member of the phylum C hlorobi . New genus and species M elioribacter roseus are proposed for isolate P3M ‐2 T . Together with I . album , the new organism represents the class I gnavibacteria assigned to the phylum Chlorobi . The revealed group includes a variety of uncultured environmental clones, the 16S rRNA gene sequences of some of which have been previously attributed to the candidate division ZB1 . Phylogenetic analysis of M . roseus and I . album based on their 23S rRNA and RecA sequences confirmed that these two organisms could represent an even deeper, phylum‐level lineage. Hence, we propose a new phylum Ignavibacteriae within the Bacteroidetes – C hlorobi group with a sole class I gnavibacteria , two families I gnavibacteriaceae and M elioribacteraceae and two species I . album and M . roseus . This proposal correlates with chemotaxonomic data and phenotypic differences of both organisms from other cultured representatives of C hlorobi . The most essential differences, supported by the analyses of complete genomes of both organisms, are motility, facultatively anaerobic and obligately organotrophic mode of life, the absence of chlorosomes and the apparent inability to grow phototrophically.