Publications

4505

Abstract Dermatophilaceae polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs), formerly classified as Tetrasphaera PAOs, play pivotal roles in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). However, their phylogenetic diversity, ecological preferences, and metabolic traits remain poorly characterized, and a robust marker gene for their classification is lacking. Here, we performed an extensive phylogenomic and metabolic analysis of Dermatophilaceae PAOs utilizing 46 newly recovered metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from a laboratory-scale EBPR reactor treating high-strength wastewater and full-scale wastewater treatment plants. These analyses revealed a previously uncharacterized PAO genus, named Candidatus Dermatophostum, which is adapted to high-phosphorus environments. Its representative species, Ca. D. ammonifactor, was enriched in the EBPR reactor and its PAO phenotype was confirmed by polyphosphate staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomic, transcriptomic, and protein structure analyses revealed its specialized metabolic capabilities for phosphate metabolism, glycogen synthesis and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Moreover, Ca. Dermatophostum was found to be widely distributed across WWPTs worldwide, underscoring both its ecological importance and its potential role in mitigating nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Finally, we propose a ppk1 -based classification framework that resolves Dermatophilaceae PAOs into six distinct clades, consistent with whole-genome phylogeny, and demonstrates that ppk1 can serve as a reliable marker gene for tracking these populations. Together, these findings expand the ecological and functional understanding of Dermatophilaceae PAOs and highlight their promise for advancing sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery.

ABSTRACT Recent discoveries of aerobic methanotrophs in non-seep carbonate-rich environments in the deep sea suggest that these organisms may persist as part of the rare biosphere. Recovering rare, active methanotrophs through targeted culturing is essential for understanding their persistence under the oligotrophic non-seep conditions and for uncovering their genomic adaptations related to the survival in energy-limited ecosystems. In our study, using metagenomic analysis of enrichment cultures from the Alpha Crucis Carbonate Ridge, we discovered Methylotuvimicrobium crucis sp. nov., a novel methanotroph representing the rare biosphere in native sediments, described in accordance with the SeqCode rules. Recent discoveries of aerobic methanotrophs in non-seep carbonate-rich environments in the deep sea suggest that these organisms may persist as part of the rare biosphere. Recovering rare, active methanotrophs through targeted culturing is essential for understanding their persistence under the oligotrophic non-seep conditions, and for uncovering their genomic adaptations related to the survival in energy-limited ecosystems. In our study, using metagenomic analysis of enrichment cultures from the Alpha Crucis Carbonate Ridge, we discovered Methylotuvimicrobium crucis sp. nov., a novel methanotroph representing the rare biosphere in native sediments, described in accordance with the SeqCode rules. Phylogenomic analysis revealed <95% of Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) to described species, with genomic evidence of deep-sea specialization including: (i) stress adaptation through cold-shock proteins (CspA) and DNA repair systems (UvrD/LexA), (ii) metabolic versatility via complete methane oxidation (pmoABC), nitrogen fixation (nifHDK), and sulfur cycling (sox/sqr) pathways, and (iii) niche partitioning through biofilm formation (GGDEF/EAL) and heavy metal resistance (CopZ/CzcD). Comparative genomics identified a 1,234-gene deep-sea core shared with Methylotuvimicrobium sp. wino1, enriched in mobile elements (TnpA, prophages) suggesting horizontal gene transfer drives adaptation. While undetected in situ amplicon surveys, Methylotuvimicrobium crucis exhibited enrichment under methane availability, demonstrating its role as a latent methane filter. These findings contribute to the understanding of the ecological significance of aerobic methanotrophs in deep-sea systems, revealing how rare microbial taxa with genomic plasticity have the potential to influence biogeochemical cycling in deep carbonate-rich environments. IMPORTANCE Microbial communities in deep-sea sediments play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycles, yet they remain poorly characterized due to the challenges of sampling and culturing under extreme conditions. This study provides a comprehensive overview of microbial diversity and functional potential in carbonate-rich deep-sea sediments, with an emphasis on methane-oxidizing bacteria. By combining high-throughput metagenomics and comparative genomics, we reconstructed high-quality genomes from previously uncharacterized microbial consortia, including novel members of the genus Methylotuvimicrobium . Our findings shed light on the ecological strategies of methanotrophs in oxygen-limited environments and expand the genomic representation of key players in carbon cycling.

Abstract Deciphering the genomic basis of ecological diversification in activated sludge microbiomes is essential for optimizing treatment technology and advancing microbial ecology. Here, we present a global genome-resolved investigation of Candidatus Accumulibacter, the primary functional agent of enhanced biological phosphorus removal, based on 828 metagenomes from wastewater treatment plants across six continents. We recovered 104 high-quality Candidatus Accumulibacter metagenome-assembled genomes, discovering a new clade (Clade IV), substantially expanding the known phylogenetic diversity and revealing a ubiquitous yet geographically heterogeneous global distribution. Phylogenomic and pangenome analyses uncovered extensive clade-specific gene gain and loss, particularly in nitrogen metabolism, suggesting divergent evolutionary trajectories shaped by relaxed selection and niche adaptation. Genome-wide patterns of convergent streamlining and enriched antiviral defense systems indicate selective pressures from strong competition and viral predation. Constraint-based metabolic modeling revealed pervasive amino acid autotrophies and metabolic complementarity, coupled with distinct carbon utilization strategies that support ecological specialization across operational settings. Experimental validation reconciled model-phenotype discrepancies, highlighting the importance of transporter promiscuity and gene regulation in carbon substrate assimilation. Collectively, our findings redefine Candidatus Accumulibacter as a dynamic model of microbial genome plasticity, metabolic adaptation, and ecological resilience, providing an insight for understanding how microbial communities adapt and respond under engineered environmental conditions.