Publications

4466

Monitoring the health of Huanglongbing-affected citrus trees by following changes in leaf Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) titer has an inherent element of imprecision because CLas titer varies considerably within the tree canopy and with calendar seasons. In addition, the destructive sampling method used to determine CLas titer entails a different set of leaves per sampling period adding to the inconsistency and inexactitude of the results. To overcome these ambiguities and to reduce the numerical variability between samples, we developed an experimental method that analyzes portions of the same treated leaves for up to four sampling periods. By assaying subsamples of adjacent locations of the same leaf, random variability was significantly reduced, and comparative analysis can be carried out with greater precision.

Summary Propionate is an important intermediate in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter. In methanogenic environments, its degradation relies on syntrophic associations between syntrophic propionate‐oxidizing bacteria (SPOB) and Archaea . However, only 10 isolated species have been identified as SPOB so far. We report syntrophic propionate oxidation in thermophilic enrichments of Candidatus Syntrophosphaera thermopropionivorans, a novel representative of the candidate phylum Cloacimonetes . In enrichment culture, methane was produced from propionate, while Ca . S. thermopropionivorans contributed 63% to total bacterial cells. The draft genome of Ca . S. thermopropionivorans encodes genes for propionate oxidation via methymalonyl‐CoA. Phylogenetically, Ca . S. thermopropionivorans affiliates with the uncultured Cloacimonadaceae W5 and is more distantly related (86.4% 16S rRNA gene identity) to Ca . Cloacimonas acidaminovorans. Although Ca . S. thermopropionivorans was enriched from a thermophilic biogas reactor, Ca . Syntrophosphaera was in particular associated with mesophilic anaerobic digestion systems. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencng and a novel genus‐specific quantitative PCR assay consistently identified Ca . Syntrophosphaera/ Cloacimonadaceae W5 in 9 of 12 tested full‐scale biogas reactors thereby outnumbering other SPOB such as Pelotomaculum , Smithella and Syntrophobacter . Taken together the ubiquity and abundance of Ca . Syntrophosphaera, those SPOB might be key players for syntrophic propionate metabolism that have been overlooked before.

Abstract An enigmatic uncultured member of Firmicutes, Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator (CDA), is known by its genome retrieved from the deep gold mine in South Africa, where it formed a single-species ecosystem fuelled by hydrogen from water radiolysis. It was believed that in situ conditions CDA relied on scarce energy supply and did not divide for hundreds to thousand years. We have isolated CDA strain BYF from a 2-km-deep aquifer in Western Siberia and obtained a laboratory culture growing with a doubling time of 28.5 h. BYF uses not only H2 but also various organic electron donors for sulfate respiration. Growth required elemental iron, and ferrous iron did not substitute for it. A complex intracellular organization included gas vesicles, internal membranes, and electron-dense structures enriched in phosphorus, iron, and calcium. Genome comparison of BYF with the South African CDA revealed minimal differences mostly related to mobile elements and prophage insertions. Two genomes harbored <800 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and had nearly identical CRISPR loci. We suggest that spores with the gas vesicles may facilitate global distribution of CDA followed by colonization of suitable subsurface environments. Alternatively, a slow evolution rate in the deep subsurface could result in high genetic similarity of CDA populations at two sites spatially separated for hundreds of millions of years.

AbstractModeling crude-oil biodegradation in sediments remains a challenge due in part to the lack of appropriate model organisms. Here we report the metagenome-guided isolation of a novel organism that represents a phylogenetically narrow (>97% 16S rRNA gene identity) group of previously uncharacterized, crude-oil degraders. Analysis of available sequence data showed that these organisms are highly abundant in oiled sediments of coastal marine ecosystems across the world, often comprising ~30% of the total community, and virtually absent in pristine sediments or seawater. The isolate genome encodes functional nitrogen fixation and hydrocarbon degradation genes together with putative genes for biosurfactant production that apparently facilitate growth in the typically nitrogen-limited, oiled environment. Comparisons to available genomes revealed that this isolate represents a novel genus within the Gammaproteobacteria, for which we propose the provisional name “Candidatus Macondimonas diazotrophica” gen. nov., sp. nov. “Ca. M. diazotrophica” appears to play a key ecological role in the response to oil spills around the globe and could be a promising model organism for studying ecophysiological responses to oil spills.