Publications

4482

ABSTRACT Methane is an important greenhouse gas and the most abundant hydrocarbon in the Earth's atmosphere. Methanotrophic microorganisms can use methane as their sole energy source and play a crucial role in the mitigation of methane emissions in the environment. “ Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera” is a recently described intra-aerobic methanotroph that is assumed to use nitric oxide to generate internal oxygen to oxidize methane via the conventional aerobic pathway, including the monooxygenase reaction. Previous genome analysis has suggested that, like the verrucomicrobial methanotrophs, “ Ca. Methylomirabilis oxyfera” encodes and transcribes genes for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for carbon assimilation. Here we provide multiple independent lines of evidence for autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation by “ Ca. Methylomirabilis oxyfera” via the CBB cycle. The activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), a key enzyme of the CBB cycle, in cell extracts from an “ Ca. Methylomirabilis oxyfera” enrichment culture was shown to account for up to 10% of the total methane oxidation activity. Labeling studies with whole cells in batch incubations supplied with either 13 CH 4 or [ 13 C]bicarbonate revealed that “ Ca. Methylomirabilis oxyfera” biomass and lipids became significantly more enriched in 13 C after incubation with 13 C-labeled bicarbonate (and unlabeled methane) than after incubation with 13 C-labeled methane (and unlabeled bicarbonate), providing evidence for autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation. Besides this experimental approach, detailed genomic and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated an operational CBB cycle in “ Ca. Methylomirabilis oxyfera.” Altogether, these results show that the CBB cycle is active and plays a major role in carbon assimilation by “ Ca. Methylomirabilis oxyfera” bacteria. Our results suggest that autotrophy might be more widespread among methanotrophs than was previously assumed and implies that a methanotrophic community in the environment is not necessarily revealed by 13 C-depleted lipids.

Over the last decade, the plant disease huanglongbing (HLB) has emerged as a primary threat to citrus production worldwide. HLB is associated with infection by phloem-limited bacteria (‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp.) that are transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Transmission efficiency varies with vector-related aspects (e.g., developmental stage and feeding periods) but there is no information on the effects of host–pathogen interactions. Here, acquisition efficiency of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ by D. citri was evaluated in relation to temporal progression of infection and pathogen titer in citrus. We graft inoculated sweet orange trees with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’; then, at different times after inoculation, we inspected plants for HLB symptoms, measured bacterial infection levels (i.e., titer or concentration) in plants, and measured acquisition by psyllid adults that were confined on the trees. Plant infection levels increased rapidly over time, saturating at uniformly high levels (≈108 copy number of 16S ribosomal DNA/g of plant tissue) near 200 days after inoculation—the same time at which all infected trees first showed disease symptoms. Pathogen acquisition by vectors was positively associated with plant infection level and time since inoculation, with acquisition occurring as early as the first measurement, at 60 days after inoculation. These results suggest that there is ample potential for psyllids to acquire the pathogen from trees during the asymptomatic phase of infection. If so, this could limit the effectiveness of tree rouging as a disease management tool and would likely explain the rapid spread observed for this disease in the field.

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive citrus disease. The leading cause of HLB is Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for bacterial viability and has been validated as a target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. Enoyl−acyl carrier protein reductase (also called ENR or FabI and a product of the fabI gene) is an enzyme required in a critical step of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis and has attracted attention as a target of novel antimicrobial agents. We determined the crystal structures of FabI from Ca. L. asiaticus in its apoform as well as in complex with b‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) at 1.7 and 2.7 Å resolution, respectively, to facilitate the design and screening of small molecule inhibitors of FabI. The monomeric ClFabI is highly similar to other known FabI structures as expected; however, unlike the typical tetramer, ClFabI exists as a hexamer in crystal, whereas as dimer in solution, on the other hand, the substrate binding loop which always disordered in apoform FabI structures is ordered in apo‐ClFabI. Interestingly, the structure of ClFabI undergoes remarkable conformational change in the substrate‐binding loop in the presence of NAD. We conclude that the signature sequence motif of FabI can be considered as Gly‐(Xaa)5‐Ser‐(Xaa)n‐Val‐Tyr‐(Xaa)6‐Lys‐(Xaa)n‐Thr instead of Tyr‐(Xaa)6‐Lys. We have further identified isoniazid as a competitive inhibitor with NADH.