Publications

4783

Summary A magnetotactic bacterium, designated strain LO‐1, of the Nitrospirae phylum was detected and concentrated from a number of freshwater and slightly brackish aquatic environments in southern Nevada. The closest phylogenetic relative to LO‐1 is Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum based on a 91.2% identity in their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Chemical and cell profiles of a microcosm containing water and sediment show that cells of strain LO‐1 are confined to the oxic–anoxic interface and the upper regions of the anaerobic zone which in this case, occurred in the sediment. This microorganism is relatively large, ovoid in morphology and usually biomineralizes three braid‐like bundles of multiple chains of bullet‐shaped magnetosomes that appeared to be enclosed in a magnetosome membrane. Cells of LO‐1 had an unusual three‐layered unit membrane cell wall and contained several types of inclusions, some of which are sulfur‐rich. Strain LO‐1 is motile by means of a single bundle of sheathed flagella and exhibits the typical ‘wobbling’ motility and helical swimming (‘flight’) path of the magnetotactic cocci. This study and reports from others suggest that LO‐1‐like organisms are widespread in sediments of freshwater to brackish natural aquatic environments.

AbstractBACKGROUND: Vector‐borne plant disease management can be enhanced by deployment of antifeedants in addition to the use of broad‐spectrum neurotoxic insecticides. The effects of pymetrozine on Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, feeding behaviour, survival and transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), the presumed causal pathogen of huanglongbing, were investigated.RESULTS: Pymetrozine applied at 52 and 104 µg mL−1 to citrus plants [Swingle citrumelo (X Citroncirus webberi Ingram and Moore)] modified the feeding behavior of ACP and increased the amount of time spent performing non‐penetration behaviors while decreasing the time spent performing ingestion behaviors compared with the controls 1 day after treatment. However, the antifeedant effect of pymetrozine subsided 5 days after application. Pymetrozine reduced the survival of both adults and nymphs on treated plants compared with the control. However, it had a greater impact on survival of nymphs than on survival of adults. Pymetrozine applied at 52 and 104 µg mL−1 on Las‐infected ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants [Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck)] reduced acquisition (12 and 21% respectively) and transmission (11 and 18% respectively) of Las by feeding ACP adults compared with the controls; however, these reductions were not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS: Pymetrozine exhibited moderate antifeedant effects by modifying the feeding behavior of ACP adults with short residual activity. The impact of pymetrozine on survival of nymphs was greater than on adults at the higher concentrations tested. Pymetrozine also reduced the acquisition and transmission of Las by feeding ACP adults up to 21 and 18%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry