Publications

4544

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease caused by the phloem- limited Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects the citrus industry worldwide. To date, only indirect strategies have been implemented to eradicate HLB. Included among these is the population control of the psyllid vector (Diaphorina citri), which usually provides inconsistent results. Even though strategies for direct CLas suppression seem a priori more promising, only a handful of reports have been focused on a confrontation of the pathogen. Recent developments in polymer chemistry have allowed the design of polycationic self-assembled block copolymers with outstanding antibacterial capabilities. Here, we report the use of polymeric nano-sized bactericide particles (PNB) to control CLas directly in the phloem vasculature. The field experiments were performed in Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, and is one of the most important citrusproducing regions in Mexico. An average 52% reduction in the bacterial population was produced when PNB was injected directly into the trunk of 20 infected trees, although, in some cases, reduction levels reached 97%. These results position PNB as a novel and promising nanotechnological tool for citrus crop protection against CLas and other related pathogens.

AbstractFive cyanobacterial strains exhibiting Nostoc‐like morphology were sampled from the biodiversity hotspots of the northeast region of India and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the strains belonged to the genera Amazonocrinis and Dendronalium. In the present investigation, the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny clearly demarcated two separate clades of Amazonocrinis. The strain MEG8‐PS clustered along with Amazonocrinis nigriterrae CENA67, which is the type strain of the genus. The other three strains ASM11‐PS, RAN‐4C‐PS, and NP‐KLS‐5A‐PS clustered in a different clade that was phylogenetically distinct from the Amazonocrinis sensu stricto clade. Interestingly, while the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny exhibited two separate clusters, the 16S–23S ITS region analysis did not provide strong support for the phylogenetic observation. Subsequent analyses raised questions regarding the resolving power of the 16S–23S ITS region at the genera level and the associated complexities in cyanobacterial taxonomy. Through this study, we describe a novel genus Ahomia to accommodate the members clustering outside the Amazonocrinis sensu stricto clade. In addition, we describe five novel species, Ahomia kamrupensis, Ahomia purpurea, Ahomia soli, Amazonocrinis meghalayensis, and Dendronalium spirale, in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Apart from further enriching the genera Amazonocrinis and Dendronalium, the current study helps to resolve the taxonomic complexities revolving around the genus Amazonocrinis and aims to attract researchers to the continued exploration of the tropical and subtropical cyanobacteria for interesting taxa and lineages.

Abstract The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) encompasses widespread uncultivated bacteria with reduced genomes and limited metabolic capacities. Most CPR bacteria lack the minimal set of enzymes required for peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis, leaving it unclear how these bacteria produce this essential envelope component. In this study, we analysed the distribution of d ‐amino acid racemases that produce the universal PG components d ‐glutamate ( d ‐Glu) or d ‐alanine ( d ‐Ala). We also examined moonlighting enzymes that synthesize d ‐Glu or d ‐Ala. Unlike other phyla in the domain Bacteria, CPR bacteria do not exhibit these moonlighting activities and have, at most, one gene encoding either a Glu or Ala racemase. One of these ‘orphan’ racemases is a predicted Glu racemase (MurI CPR ) from the CPR bacterium Candidatus Saccharimonas aalborgenesis . The expression of MurI CPR restores the growth of a Salmonella d ‐Glu auxotroph lacking its endogenous racemase and results in the substitution of l ‐Ala by serine as the first residue in a fraction of the PG stem peptides. In vitro, MurI CPR exclusively racemizes Glu as a substrate. Therefore, Ca. Saccharimonas aalborgensis may couple Glu racemization to serine and d ‐Glu incorporation into the stem peptide. Our findings provide the first insights into the synthesis of PG by an uncultivated environmental bacterium and illustrate how to experimentally test enzymatic activities from CPR bacteria related to PG metabolism.

Abstract Background Hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas are bacteria that attach to the erythrocyte surface and cause bovine hemoplasmosis. Two species, Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, have been identified and shown to be distributed worldwide. However, there is currently no information available on hemoplasmas in cattle in the Republic of Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of hemoplasmas in Korean native cattle and to evaluate the association between hemoplasma infection and anemia. Methods One farm was selected, at which blood samples were collected from 104 Korean native cattle [grazing cattle (n = 89) and housed cattle (n = 15)]. Hemoplasmas were detected via polymerase chain reaction analysis and complete blood counts were also performed. Results The overall prevalence of hemoplasmas was 34% (35/104); 20.2% (21/104) for M. wenyonii, 3.8% (4/104) for C. M. haemobos, and 9.6% (10/104) for co-infection. Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos was detected only in grazing cattle. Of red blood cell (RBC) parameters, C. M. haemobos-infected cattle had lower RBC and hematocrit, and higher mean cell volume than hemoplasma-negative cattle, although none of these differences were statistically significant. This is the first study to report the occurrence of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos. Mycoplasma wenyonii is more prevalent than C. M. haemobos in Korean native cattle. The results did not show an association between hemoplasma infection and anemia. Conclusions Considering the infection rate of hemoplasmas shown in this study, further studies, such as on the pathogenicity and clinical significance of hemoplasmas are necessary.