Plant Science

AbstractA previously unknown haplotype of the plant pathogen ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) was found in cultivated carrots and parsnips in eastern Finland. That same haplotype was found in western Finland, over 300 km away, in the family Polygonaceae, the speciesFallopia convolvulus(wild buckwheat) andPersicaria lapathifolia(pale persicaria) growing as weeds within carrot and parsnip fields. The infected plants, both apiaceous and polygonaceous, showed symptoms of foliar discolouration. This is the first report of Lso bacteria in plants of the family Polygonaceae. The finding that the polygonaceous plants infected with a previously unknown haplotype of Lso were growing among the apiaceous plants infected with Lso haplotype C suggests that these two haplotypes might be transmitted by different vectors. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the new haplotype, called haplotype H, is distinct from the previously characterized haplotypes and appears to have diverged early from their common ancestor. Multi-locus sequence analysis revealed four different sequence types (strains) within the haplotype H. These findings suggest that the haplotype H is likely to be endemic in northern Europe and that the genetic diversity within the Lso species is higher than previously assumed.

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is an unculturable α-proteobacterium associated with citrus Huanglongbing (HLB; yellow shoot disease). PCR procedures that accurately confirm or exclude CLas infection in citrus tissue/Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) samples are critical for HLB management. When CLas was described in 1994, a 23-bp signature oligonucleotide sequence (OI1) in the 16S rRNA gene (rrs, three genomic copies) was identified based on Sanger sequencing. OI1 contains single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distinguishing CLas from non-CLas species. The SNPs were used to design the primer HLBas, a key primer for a commonly used TaqMan PCR system (HLBas-PCR) for CLas detection. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing technology have led to the identification of 15 CLas whole genome sequence strains (WGSs). Analyses of CLas WGSs have generated a significant amount of biological information that could help to improve CLas detection. Utilizing the WGS information, this study re-evaluated the sequence integrity of OI1/HLBas and identified and/or confirmed a missing nucleotide G in the two primers. Replacement primers for OI1 and HLBas are proposed. At low cycle threshold (Ct) values (e.g., <30), HLBas-PCR remained reliable in CLas determination. At high Ct values (e.g., >30), HLBas-PCR alone was unreliable in differentiating whether samples contain low CLas titers or whether CLas is not present. The availability of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)-PCR derived from the five-copy nrdB gene helped to resolve this problem. To further enhance low CLas titer detection, a 4CP-PCR system, based on a four-copy genomic locus, was developed. Evaluation of 107 HLB samples (94 citrus and 13 ACP) showed that 4CP-PCR was more sensitive than HLBas-PCR and shared similar sensitivity with RNR-PCR.

A redefinition of the cyanobacterial lineage has been proposed based on phylogenomic analysis of distantly related nonphototrophic lineages. We define Cyanobacteria here as “Organisms in the domain bacteria able to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis with water as an electron donor and to reduce carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, or those secondarily evolved from such organisms.”