Publications

4729

Melatonin is synthesized from the amino acid L-tryptophan via the shikimic acid pathway and ubiquitously distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although most of melatonin biosynthesis genes were characterized in several plants and animal species including the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, none of these enzymes have been identified from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. We used comprehensive in silico analysis and gene expression techniques to identify the melatonin biosynthesis-related genes of D. citri and to evaluate the expression patterns of these genes within the adults of D. citri with gradient infection rates (0, 28, 34, 50, 58, and 70%) of the phytopathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and after the treatment with exogenous melatonin. We showed that the D. citri genome possesses six putative melatonin biosynthesis-related genes including two putative tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (DcT5H-1 and DcT5H-2), a putative aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DcAADC), two putative arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (DcAANAT-1 and DcAANAT-2), and putative N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (DcASMT). The infection with Ca. L. asiaticus decreased the transcript levels of all predicted genes in the adults of D. citri. Moreover, melatonin supplementation induced their expression levels in both healthy and Ca. L. asiaticus-infected psyllids. These findings confirm the association of these genes with the melatonin biosynthesis pathway.

Abstract RUS is of considerable economic importance, especially in areas where outbreaks occur. It has been described as a serious and widespread problem of raspberry in the former Soviet Union (see van der Meer (1987) for references). After the First World War, the disease became disastrous in raspberry areas in southern parts of The Netherlands, and many young plantations, started with healthy plant material, contained 60-90% infected plants in the second year after planting (see van der Meer (1987) for references). Small outbreaks and/or incidental occurrences of RUS disease have been reported from several other European countries (van der Meer, 1987).

Abstract Aster yellows (AY) group phytoplasmas affect plants by causing a general reduction in quantity and quality of yield. The most severely affected hosts are carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach and several ornamental crops, including aster, gladiolus, hydrangea, chrysanthemum and purple coneflower. Disease incidence may vary from year to year depending on the population trend of the vectors in the field. Infection rates varying from 20 to 30% were observed in lettuce and ranunculus fields in southern Italy (Marcone et al., 1995; Parrella et al., 2008). In Oklahoma, USA, according to Errampalli et al. (1991), AY group phytoplasma infections occurred in 80% of lettuce plants and 28% of carrots. In Ohio, disease incidence of 100% has been recorded in lettuce fields (Zhang et al., 2004). A major outbreak of AY disease occurred in 2000 in Texas that affected several vegetable crops. Among them, carrot was most severely damaged with infection rates that ranged from to 50 to near 100% (Lee et al., 2003). A severe AY disease of chrysanthemum which induced losses of 70 to 80% of the crop has been reported from China (Min et al., 2008) whereas losses of 90% were recorded in AY-affected aubergines in Bangladesh (Kelly et al., 2009). Infection rates of 60 and 99% were recorded in Hungary for AY-affected sugarbeet plants and India for AY-affected Jatropha curcas plants, respectively (Mumford et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2010b). However, there are also several reports on sporadic occurrence and generally low incidence of AY group phytoplasmas in vegetable and ornamental crops (Smith et al., 1988; Vibio et al., 1995; Bertaccini et al., 1998). Cassava witches' broom, a disease affecting cassava in South East Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, China and the Philippines) is caused by 16SrI phytoplasma. The disease has resulted in significant reductions in cassava root starch content and up to 80% yield loss in parts of Vietnam (Anon., 2014).

Abstract Me.tha.no.tri.cha'les. N.L. fem. n. Methanothrix type genus of the order; suff. ‐ ales the ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n. Methanotrichales the order of Methanothrix . Cells are nonmotile, sheathed rods with flat ends. Gram‐stain negative. Lipids contain myo ‐inositol, ethanolamine, and galactose as the polar head groups. Species are oxygen‐tolerant anaerobe. However, growth and methanogenesis can only occur in strictly anaerobic and highly reducing conditions. Energy is obtained by splitting acetate into methane and CO 2 . When cocultured with electrogenic Geobacter spp., CO 2 is reduced to methane via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Optimum growth pH range is 7.0–7.8. Mesophilic and thermophilic. Optimum growth temperatures are 34–37°C for mesophilic strains and 55–60°C for thermophilic strains. They occupy a wide range of anoxic habitats including anaerobic river mud, paddy field soil, hot springs, thermal lakes, thermophilic, and mesophilic anaerobic wastewater digesters treating domestic wastes; granular sludge, anaerobic fixed‐bed reactors, and other types of anaerobic systems. Genome sequences have been determined for strains of all three of the described species in the order, and the genome size ranges from 1.9 to 3.0 Mb. The order Methanotrichales consists of one family Methanotrichaceae . Although all three described species are currently classified in a single genus Methanothrix , phylogenomic analyses suggest that two species should be transferred to novel genera. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 51–61 (Genome). Type genus : Methanothrix Huser et al. 1982, VL10. Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the order Methanotrichales is: synonym (and no standing) (last update, February 2025) * . Correct name: Methanosarcinales LPSN classification: Archaea / Methanobacteriati / Methanobacteriota / Methanosarcinia / Methanosarcinales The order Methanotrichales can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as o__Methanotrichales (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Archaea / p__Halobacteriota / c__Methanosarcinia / o__Methanotrichales * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776

Abstract The reference strain of 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii' is the causative agent of clover proliferation (CP) disease of alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum). The CP disease was first reported in Canada in the early 1960s when the aetiological agent was mistakenly presumed to be a yellows-type virus (Chiykowski, 1965). Subsequent investigations revealed that the disease was associated with infection by a mycoplasma-like organism (Chen and Hiruki, 1975; Hiruki and Chen, 1984), now termed phytoplasma, strain CPR (Hiruki and Wang, 2004). Later, phytoplasmas of the same lineage (subgroup 16SrVI-A) were found in the USA, Mexico, and many countries in Europe and Asia, causing diseases in diverse leguminous and vegetable crops, responsible for significant yield losses and quality reductions. Phytoplasmas of the same lineage also caused disease in elm trees in the USA. Phytoplasmas of closely-related lineages (various subgroups of group 16SrVI) also have wide distributions around the world.