Publications

4508

Phy.to.plas'ma. Gr. neut. n.phyton, a plant; Gr. neut. n.plasmasomething formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.Phytoplasma, a form from a plant.Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family II /CandidatusPhytoplasmaThe generic name ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma’ has been adopted by specialists to refer to a monophyletic clade of wall‐less phytopathogenic bacteria affiliated with the orderAcholeplasmatalesin the classMollicutes. These small (<1 µm) pleomorphic cells occur within the nutritionally‐rich phloem sap and sieve elements of plants, and in the gut or hemolymph of insects that feed on plants. Sustained culture in cell‐free media has not yet been demonstrated for any phytoplasma, and a recent report of successful axenic culture remains to be independently replicated. Reference strains are maintained in plants by periodic graft inoculation. Sequence analysis of PCR‐amplified rDNA, plus considerations of the plant host range and vector species, provide a basis for phytoplasma strain identification and assignment to phylogenetic groups. Hundreds of plant species are susceptible to infection, with signs including discoloration, stunting, virescence, phyllody, proliferation of flowers or shoots, or sterility. The necessity for strict quarantine regulations to control the spread of phytoplasmas among important plants such as fruit trees, palms, and grapevines illustrates the importance of accurate identification and nomenclature for these organisms.

AbstractBackground: The symbiosis between the olive fruit fly,Bactrocera oleae, andCandidatusErwinia dacicola has been demonstrated as essential for the fly’s larval development and adult physiology. The mass rearing of the olive fruit fly has been hindered by several issues, including problems which could be related to the lack of the symbiont, presumably due to preservatives and antibiotics currently used in the laboratory. To better understand the mechanisms underlying symbiont removal or loss during the rearing of lab colonies of the olive fruit fly, we performed experiments that focused on bacterial transfer from wild female flies to their eggs. In this research, eggs laid by wild females were treated with propionic acid solution, which is often used as an antifungal agent, a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and Triton X, or water (as a control). The presence of the bacterial symbiont on eggs was evaluated by real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy.Results: DGGE analysis showed a clear band with the same migration behavior present in all DGGE profiles but with a decreasing intensity. Molecular analyses performed by real-time PCR showed a significant reduction inCa. E. dacicola abundance in eggs treated with propionic acid solution or a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and Triton X compared to those treated with water. In addition, the removal of bacteria from the surfaces of treated eggs was highlighted by scanning electron microscopy.Conclusions: The results clearly indicate how the first phases of the colony-establishment process are important in maintaining the symbiont load in laboratory populations and suggest that the use of products with antimicrobial activity should be avoided. The results also suggest that alternative rearing procedures for the olive fruit fly should be investigated.

ABSTRACT Members of the genus Rickettsiella are bacterial pathogens of insects and other arthropods. Recently, a novel facultative endosymbiont, “ Candidatus Rickettsiella viridis,” was described in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum , whose infection causes a striking host phenotype: red and green genetic color morphs exist in aphid populations, and upon infection with the symbiont, red aphids become green due to increased production of green polycyclic quinone pigments. Here we determined the complete genome sequence of the symbiont. The 1.6-Mb circular genome, harboring some 1,400 protein-coding genes, was similar to the genome of entomopathogenic Rickettsiella grylli (1.6 Mb) but was smaller than the genomes of phylogenetically allied human pathogens Coxiella burnetii (2.0 Mb) and Legionella pneumophila (3.4 Mb). The symbiont’s metabolic pathways exhibited little complementarity to those of the coexisting primary symbiont Buchnera aphidicola , reflecting the facultative nature of the symbiont. The symbiont genome harbored neither polyketide synthase genes nor the evolutionarily allied fatty acid synthase genes that are suspected to catalyze the polycyclic quinone synthesis, indicating that the green pigments are produced not by the symbiont but by the host aphid. The symbiont genome retained many type IV secretion system genes and presumable effector protein genes, whose homologues in L. pneumophila were reported to modulate a variety of the host's cellular processes for facilitating infection and virulence. These results suggest the possibility that the symbiont is involved in the green pigment production by affecting the host’s metabolism using the secretion machineries for delivering the effector molecules into the host cells. IMPORTANCE Insect body color is relevant to a variety of biological aspects such as species recognition, sexual selection, mimicry, aposematism, and crypsis. Hence, the bacterial endosymbiont “ Candidatus Rickettsiella viridis,” which alters aphid body color from red to green, is of ecological interest, given that different predators preferentially exploit either red- or green-colored aphids. Here we determined the complete 1.6-Mb genome of the symbiont and uncovered that, although the red-green color transition was ascribed to upregulated production of green polycyclic quinone pigments, the symbiont genome harbored few genes involved in the polycyclic quinone biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the symbiont genome contained type IV secretion system genes and presumable effector protein genes, whose homologues modulate eukaryotic cellular processes for facilitating infection and virulence in the pathogen Legionella pneumophila . We propose the hypothesis that the symbiont may upregulate the host’s production of polycyclic quinone pigments via cooption of secretion machineries and effector molecules for pathogenicity.

Candidatus Saccharibacteria is a well-described candidate phylum that has not been successfully isolated. Nevertheless, its presence was suggested by 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, and it is frequently detected in natural environments and activated sludge. Because pure culture representatives of Candidatus Saccharibacteria are lacking, the specificity of primers for the determination of their abundance and diversity should be carefully evaluated. In this study, eight Candidatus Saccharibacteria-specific primers were selected from previous studies and evaluated for their coverage against a public database, annealing temperature of the combined primer sets, as well as their utilization to determine the detection frequencies and phylogenetic diversity by cloning analysis, and in quantification by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the eight primers, four primers (TM7314F, TM7580F, TM7-910R, and TM7-1177R) showed high coverage. Cloning analysis showed that four primer sets (TM7314F and TM7-910R, TM7314F and TM7-1177R, TM7580F and TM7-910R, and TM7580F and TM7-1177R) yielded high detection frequencies for Candidatus Saccharibacteria in activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Higashihiroshima City, Japan. Quantitative PCR results indicated that the primer set containing TM7314F and TM7-910R was superior for the specific detection of Candidatus Saccharibacteria in activated sludge.