Publications

3843

In April of 2012, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) grown near the town of Yuroconte in the municipality of La Palma, Chalatenango, El Salvador, were observed with symptoms resembling those of “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” infection. The symptoms included overall chlorosis, severe stunting, leaf cupping, excessive branching of axillary shoots, and leaf purpling and scorching (1,2,3). Disease incidence in several fields in the area ranged from 40 to 60%. Heavy infestations of the potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, were observed in the affected fields and this insect has been shown to transmit “Ca. L. solanacearum” to tomato and other solanaceous species (1,2,3). Leaf samples and psyllids were collected from one of the fields and total DNA was purified from the leaves of 8 and 10 symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, respectively (2,3). DNA was also extracted from the psyllids and the samples were tested by PCR for species confirmation. PCR oligonucleotide primers specific for both 16S rDNA (OA2 and OI2c) and a gene for a surface antigen for the outer membrane protein (OMB) (OMB 1482f and 2086r) of “Ca. L. solanacearum” were used to confirm the presence of the bacterium in infected tomatoes (1). Four of the eight symptomatic tomatoes (50%) tested positive for “Ca. L. solanacearum” using both primer pairs and all asymptomatic plants were negative for the bacterium. The collected psyllids were first identified through a morphological key, then verified using species-specific PCR primers (CO1 F3 and CO1 meltR) that generated a 94-bp fragment that was consistent with DNA from B. cockerelli (4). Amplicons generated with DNA from two plant samples with each primer pair were cloned and four clones of each of the four amplicons were sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 16S rDNA consensus sequences from the clones (1,168 bp; deposited in GenBank as Accession Nos. KC768318 and KC768319) showed 100% identity to “Ca. L. solanacearum” sequences in GenBank (HM246509 and HM245242, respectively). Two OMB consensus sequences were 98% identical (deposited in GenBank as KC768326 and KC768327) and both sequences were 97 to 100% identical to a number of “Ca. L. solanacearum” sequences in GenBank (e.g., CP002371, FJ914617, JN848754, and JN848752). To our knowledge, this is the first report of “Ca. L. solanacearum” associated with tomato in El Salvador and the first formal report of the bacterium in the country. This bacterium has caused millions of dollars in losses to the tomato industry in New Zealand, Mexico and the United States (2,3). Tomatoes are an economically important commodity in Central America and are severely damaged by “Ca. L. solanacearum” infection. The confirmation of “Ca. L. solanacearum” infections in El Salvador alerts the agricultural sector to the presence of this serious pathogen. References: (1) J. M. Crosslin. Southwest. Entomol. 36:125, 2011. (2) L. W. Liefting et al. Plant Dis. 93:208, 2009. (3) J. E. Munyaneza et al. Plant Dis. 93:1076, 2009. (4) K. D. Swisher et al. Environ. Entomol. 41:1019, 2012.

In April of 2012, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with symptoms resembling those caused by viral infection were observed in commercial fields in several departments in Nicaragua, including Esteli and Nueva Segovia. Heavy infestations of the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, a major insect pest of potato and other solanaceous crops and vector of the bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso) (2,3), were observed in the affected fields. All cultivars grown were affected and 5 to 100% of plants in each field were symptomatic. Symptoms on affected plants included apical leaf curling and stunting, overall chlorosis and plant stunting, young plant deformation with cabbage-like leaves, wilting, internal vascular necrosis of stems and leaf petioles, and overall poor leaf quality. Plant samples were collected from a total of three psyllid-infested fields in the municipalities of Esteli, Condega, and Jalapa (one field/municipality). The plant samples were first tested for viruses, including Potato virus Y, Tobacco mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Impatiens necrotic spot virus, using Immunostrips (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) and no virus was detected. Total DNA was extracted from leaf tissues of a total of 22 plants, including 17 symptomatic plants and five asymptomatic plants from two cultivars (Corojo and Habano) with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer extraction method (2,4). The DNA samples were tested by PCR using specific primer pairs OA2/OI2c and OMB 1482f/2086r, to amplify a portion of 16S rDNA and the outer membrane protein (OMB) genes, respectively, of Lso (2). 16 rDNA and OMB gene-derived fragments of 1,168 and 605 bp, respectively, were amplified from the DNA of 13 of 17 (76.5%) symptomatic plants, indicating the presence of Lso. No Lso was detected in the five asymptomatic plants. DNA amplicons of three plant samples (one plant/field) with each primer pair were cloned and two to four clones of each of the six amplicons were sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 16S rDNA consensus sequences was the same for all three locations (GenBank Accession Nos. KC768323, KC768324, and KC768325) and showed 100% identity to numerous 16 rDNA sequences of Lso in GenBank, including accessions HM245242, JF811596, and JX559779. Similarly, identical OMB consensus sequences were observed in all three locations (KC768331 and KC768332 for Jalapa and Condega, respectively) that are 97 to 100% identical to a number of Lso sequences in GenBank (e.g., CP002371, FJ914617, JN848754, and JN848752). A second OMB sequence was isolated from the Esteli sample (KC768333) that was 98% identical with the consensus sequences from this and other sites and 100% identical to an OMB sequence from Lso in GenBank (JN848754). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Lso associated with tobacco. Tobacco is an important crop in many parts of the world, including Central and South America. This bacterium has also caused millions of dollars in losses to potato and several other solanaceous crops in the Americas and New Zealand (3). In addition, this plant pathogen has been reported as serious pest of carrot in Europe, where it is associated with the psyllids Trioza apicalis and B. trigonica (1,4). References: (1) A. Alfaro-Fernandez et al. Plant Dis. 96:581, 2012. (2) J. M. Crosslin. Southwest. Entomol. 36:125, 2011. (3) J. E. Munyaneza. Am. J. Pot. Res. 89:329, 2012. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 103:1060, 2010.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease. It is associated with a phloem-restricted bacterium, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, and primarily transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid in Florida. Because Liberibacter cannot be cultured, early diagnosis of HLB relies on DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including real-time quantitative (q)PCR. Although estimating genomes from live bacteria (GLB) is critical for HLB research, PCR does not distinguish between live and dead cells and, thus, does not estimate GLB in hosts. Propidium monoazide (PMA), a novel DNA-binding dye, has been successfully used on many bacterial pathogens to effectively remove DNA from dead cells but there is no report of its use on uncultured bacteria. In this study, PMA-qPCR protocols were first optimized to work with plant and psyllid samples, respectively. Both TissueLyser treatment and plant tissue were demonstrated to have an insignificant impact on the GLB detected by PMA-qPCR. Finally, a standard curve for GLB determination was successfully established between PMA-qPCR results and microscopic counts and then applied in two studies with different greenhouse plant samples. This rapid qPCR method provides a more accurate way to determine GLB in HLB hosts which, in turn, should benefit disease epidemiology studies and serve as a crucial component in HLB management.