Publications

4766

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ is associated with a number of plant diseases in New Zealand. The only known vector of this pathogen was Zeoliarus atkinsoni, a planthopper considered to be monophagous on New Zealand flax (Phormium spp.). The work carried out shows that Z. oppositus, which is polyphagous, is able to vector ‘Ca. P. australiense’ to both Coprosma robusta (karamu) and Cordyline australis (New Zealand cabbage tree). Although transmission was achieved to both these species, the disease symptomatology was more evident in C. australis. Two approaches were taken to achieve transmission. First, insects were collected from areas around symptomatic Coprosma plants and caged directly on test plants. Second, insects were collected from grasses and sedges in areas where disease was less evident and were fed on known infected Coprosma plants prior to being caged on test plants. Transmission was achieved using both approaches, although transmission was far greater (30% compared with 4%) from insects that were directly applied. Phytoplasma DNA was detected in 12% of Z. oppositus individuals tested during all the trials. This work identifies a new vector for ‘Ca. P. australiense’ and contributes to our understanding of the ecology of Cordyline sudden decline and Coprosma lethal decline.

Elm yellows (EY) is a lethal disease of American (Ulmus americana L.) and other elm species (1). On the Pennsylvania State University campus, EY, together with Dutch elm disease, has killed 82 of about 400 mature elms since 2007, the year of first EY detection. Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi, associated with EY, has been reported to be transmitted by the whitebanded elm leafhopper Scaphoideus luteolus Van Duzee, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L., and the leafhopper Allygus atomarius Fabricius (1) in North America, but correlation of these insects with EY in the eastern United States has not been reported. Three Cicadellidae collections using sweep nets and aspirators were performed from July to September 2012 on branches of an EY infected red elm (U. rubra Muh; 40°48.408′N, 77°52.208′W) and on vegetation within a 0.5 km radius. The red elm is in close proximity to trees, shrubs, and a managed meadow and has repeatedly tested positive for EY since 2007. During each collection, about 200 cicadellids were captured in BioQuip No-See-Um catch bags with cups, and the bags were hung around the red elm branches, forcing the insects to feed on the infected tree for 24 h. Insects were transferred to BugDorm rearing tents containing wild grasses, elm seedlings, cowpeas, celery, carrots, and basil, all grown from seed, and were kept for 3 weeks in a controlled environment chamber at 28°C and 70% humidity with a 16-h photoperiod. Insects easily recognized in the same species or individual insects of uncertain identity were then isolated for about 1 week in cages each containing one 6-month-old healthy American elm seedling (grown from seed in growth chamber). Up to 10 morphospecies were found in each collection, with 1 to 20 individuals per morphospecies. The total number of unique morphospecies used in the three transmission trials and later identified as different species was 8. Dead insects collected daily were stored in 80% ethanol and later identified to genus or species level. About 70% insect mortality was recorded, but about 60 individuals from each collection survived the change of diet and environment. After 3 months, individual elm seedlings were tested by RT-PCR (3) for the presence of phytoplasmas using universal primers fU5/rU3 (2). PCR products were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel, and if DNA was amplified, it was cloned and sequenced. Three of 30 seedlings tested positive for phytoplasmas and sequencing of the cloned products (24 clones were sequenced per transformation, per each of the three positive seedlings) confirmed that only Ca. P. ulmi was present in the 3 infected seedlings but not in the remaining 27 or in 46 unexposed control seedlings. The 3 seedlings were each exposed to a single insect and the same insects that were used in the transmission trial were identified. One spittlebug (Cercopidae) Lepyronia quadrangularis Say, one P. spumarius, and one leafhopper in the genus Latalus (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) were identified as vectors. The phytoplasma-positive seedlings showed stunting and yellowing, and died shortly after testing. Other insects captured and identified in the survey were A. atomarius, Neophilaenus lineatus L., Metcalfa pruinosa Say, Amblysellus curtisii Fitch and individuals in the genera Draeculacephala, Elymana, Empoasca, Mesamia, Stroggylocephalus, and Ceratagallia. S. luteolus was not captured during this sampling but was captured on yellow sticky traps and in light traps in previous years at other locations on the campus. This is the first report suggesting that L. quadrangularis and Latalus sp. can serve as natural vectors of EY. References: (1) P. Herath et al. Plant Dis. 94:1355, 2010. (2) H. Lorenz et al. Phytopathology 85:771, 1995. (3) P. Margaria et al. Plant Dis. 91:1496, 2007.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, one of the known vectors for citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB) pathogens, has been present in Texas for over a decade, but the detection of the disease is recent. HLB has been confirmed in only two adjacent commercial citrus groves of grapefruit and sweet orange. A study was conducted to compare the population of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) cells in different plant parts including peduncle, columella, leaves, seeds, young shoots, flower buds, flowers, and bark of 6-year-old known infected grapefruit and sweet orange trees. The bacterial population was estimated using a previously described grand universal regression equation Y = 13.82 – 0.2866X, where Y is the log of the target copy number and X is the Ct (threshold cycle) of the assay. Except for bark tissue, there was no significant difference in the concentration of CLas cells in other plant parts between the two cultivars. Within the cultivar, the bacterial concentration also varied with the plant part, with peduncle, columella, midrib having significantly higher titer of CLas compared with other plant parts. The obtained results here are in agreement with previous studies conducted on Florida samples, but the consistently lowest bacterial titer recorded in young shoots, leaf blade, and especially leaf margins relative to the midrib has never been previously reported.

Abstract ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is a pathogen of solanaceous crops (Solanales: Solanaceae) that causes zebra chip disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and plant dieback in tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and pepper (Capsicum spp.). This pathogen is vectored by the potato/ tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), but little is known about the interactions between B. cockerelli and ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum.’ Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to assess the incidence of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ in the hemolymph, bacteriomes, alimentary canals, and salivary glands of B. cockerelli. Liberibacter was observed in 66% of alimentary canals, 39% of salivary glands, and 40% of bacteriomes dissected from adult psyllids. Compared with adults, the organs of fifth instars appeared less likely to harbor Liberibacter, which was observed in 52% of alimentary canals, 10% of salivary glands, and 6% of bacteriomes dissected from the nymphs. Results of real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed that fewer fifth instars were infected with Liberibacter compared with adults and indicated that fifth instars were less likely to transmit the pathogen to noninfected host plants. These observations of the localization of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ in the organs and tissues of B. cockerelli adults and nymphs will aid the study of Liberibacter-psyllid interactions and the epidemiology of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum.’

In April and May of 2012, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants exhibiting symptoms that resembled those of the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ infection (2,4) were observed in commercial pepper fields in several departments in Honduras, including Francisco Morazán, Ocotepeque, El Paraíso, and Olancho. Many of the fields were infested with the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, a vector of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ (3). The plants exhibited chlorotic or pale green apical growth and leaf cupping, sharp tapering of the leaf apex, shortened internodes, and overall stunting (2,4). All cultivars grown were affected and 20 to 75% of plants in each field were symptomatic. Pepper (var. Nataly) plant samples were collected from a total of eight affected fields (two fields per department). Total DNA was extracted from the top whole leaf tissue of a total of 19 plants, including 14 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic pepper plants, with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer extraction method (1). The DNA samples were then tested by PCR using specific primer sets OA2/OI2c and OMB 1482f/2086r to amplify a portion of 16S rDNA and the outer membrane protein (OMB) genes, respectively, of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ (1,2). OMB gene and 16S rDNA fragments of 605 and 1,168 bp, respectively, were amplified from the DNA of 7 of 14 (50%) symptomatic plants with each primer set, indicating the presence of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum.’ No ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ was detected in the five asymptomatic plants with either primer sets. DNA amplicons with both primer sets were cloned from the DNA of plant samples collected from each of the three departments: Francisco Morazán (in the locality of Zamorano), Ocotepeque (municipality of Plan del Rancho in Sinuapa), and El Paraíso (municipality of Danlí), and four clones of each of the six amplicons were sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 16S rDNA resulted in a single consensus sequence for all three locations (deposited in GenBank as Accession Nos. KF188226, KF188227, and KF188228) and showed 100% identity to numerous 16S rDNA sequences of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ in GenBank, including accessions HM245242, JF811596, and KC768319. Similarly, identical OMB consensus sequences were observed in all three locations (deposited in GenBank as KF188230, KF188231, and KF188233) that are 100% identical to several ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ sequences in GenBank (e.g., KC768331 and CP002371) along with a second consensus sequence (deposited in GenBank as accession KF188232) from Ocotepeque that was 99% identical to the consensus sequence from the three locations and sequences in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ associated with pepper crops in Honduras, where pepper constitutes an economically important commodity. This bacterium has also caused millions of dollars in losses to potato and several other solanaceous crops in United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand (1,2,3,4). Furthermore, ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ has been reported to severely damage carrot crops in Europe, where it is transmitted to carrot by the psyllids Trioza apicalis and Bactericera trigonica (3). Monitoring this pathogen and its vectors will prevent serious damage they cause to economically important crops. References: (1) J. M. Crosslin. Southwest. Entomol. 36:125, 2011. (2) L. W. Liefting et al. Plant Dis. 93:208, 2009. (3) J. E. Munyaneza. Am. J. Pot. Res. 89:329, 2012. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. Plant Dis. 93:1076, 2009.