Publications

4691

In 2024, an infestation of corn leafhoppers, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was detected in several commercial corn fields across Oklahoma (OK) (Faris et al. 2024). Corn hybrids in the infested field showed symptoms resembling maize bushy stunt, including chlorotic striping, reddening of leaves, production of multiple ears, and stunting. Visual disease incidence ranged from 25% to 100% among affected fields. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were collected from 15 commercial corn fields across seven counties in OK (Payne, Logan, Caddo, Kay, Texas, Pottawatomie, and Grady) during September, October, and November of 2024. Each sample consisted of 3-4 symptomatic corn leaves randomly collected in each field. In addition, 43 corn leafhopper samples were collected from the symptomatic fields using handheld vacuums. Each corn leafhopper sample consisted of a minimum of 10 corn leafhoppers per field. In the laboratory, the corn leafhoppers were identified as D. maidis based on morphological characteristics as described (Faris et al. 2024). DNA from the 15 leaf samples was extracted from the leaf midrib and blade tissues using the DNeasy® Plant Mini Kit. Insect DNA was extracted using a CTAB-based method (Gorayeb et al. 2023), with each sample consisting of five pooled insects per field. DNA samples from plants and insects were initially screened using the R16F2n/R16R2 primer pair (Gundersen and Lee, 1996) for the presence of phytoplasmas. Seventeen insect and five plant samples tested positive for phytoplasma. Subsequent phytoplasma screening was performed on insect and plant samples collected from the same fields on the same dates, comprising a total of four insect and five plant samples. To further characterize the phytoplasma, a semi-nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene was performed on these samples (four insect and five plant samples) using primer pairs P1/16S-SR followed by P1A/16S-SR (Wei et al. 2021), yielding an expected amplicon of approximately 1.5 Kb. An additional gene marker, the ribosomal protein (rp) gene, was also amplified using universal primers rpF1/rpR1 (Lee et al. 1998), producing 1.2 Kb PCR amplicons. PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing, and 16S rRNA and rp gene sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PX927497–PX927505 and PX993703-PX993711, respectively. BLASTn analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences showed 99.14–99.93% nucleotide identity with reference strains of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ associated with maize bushy stunt (accessions MW578284 and CP015149). Similarly, the rp gene sequences shared 99.91–100% nucleotide identity with the same reference strains. Using the iPhyClassifier tool (Zhao et al. 2013), the 16S rRNA gene sequences were classified within 16Sr group I, subgroup B, with a similarity coefficient of 1.0 (AP006628). The pairwise comparison and subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the OK isolates clustered within the 16SrI-B clade. This finding represents the first report of a 16SrI-B phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’) associated with maize bushy stunt in OK. Although currently classified as ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, a proposal to establish a novel phytoplasma species, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma zeae’, has been made based on ecological distinctiveness, vector specificity, whole-genome comparisons, and community consensus (Pellegrinetti et al. 2025).

Abstract De novo assembly of ancient and modern bacterial metagenomes can shed light on evolution and ecology of bacterial species that are challenging to culture. Tannerella and Porphyromonas are bacterial genera linked to periodontal disease, and understanding their evolution may reveal insights into their role in oral disease development. We performed pangenomic and phylogenetic analyses on a global set of isolates and metagenome-assembled genomes of the genera Tannerella (n = 238) and Porphyromonas (n = 976), including 66 genomes from ancient dental calculus samples (up to 14,800 years old), and modern oral samples from present-day living populations. We identify a novel species of oral Tannerella in modern and ancient humans, which we call Ca. Tannerella abscondita, that is related to and often mistaken for Tannerella forsythia but differs in its virulence repertoire. We reveal distinct niche tropism in Tannerella species and Porphyromonas pasteri, but not Porphyromonas gingivalis. There is limited phylogeographic structuring, and virulence genes are homogeneously distributed across continents and oral niches. Saliva-derived strains of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis from Oceania and T. serpentiformis and P. pasteri from Asia show enrichment of pseudogenes related to ecological niche transitions. A phylogenetic analysis of the P. gingivalis major fimbrial protein gene fimA reveals the genes cluster by genotypes, and that no ancient genes are found in genotypes I and Ib. Using de novo assembly for bacterial pangenomics improves the representation of oral genera found in reference databases and enhances our ability to study the evolutionary history of these taxa.

Candidatus Saccharibacteria (TM7) is an underexplored bacterial group within the human oral microbiome. These ultra-small, host-dependent organisms, despite their reduced genomes, significantly influence microbial balance and host immunity, exhibiting dual roles in oral health and disease and emerging as a key focus in microbiome research. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the prevalence, host interactions, genomic features, and ecological roles of TM7 in the oral cavity. A total of 13 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 were selected for detailed review based on predefined inclusion criteria, including clinical, laboratory, and metagenomic analyses focusing on TM7 detection, isolation, host specificity, and interactions with oral microbial communities. TM7 was found to be predominantly oral-adapted, exhibiting site-specific colonization with higher abundance in saliva. Coculture experiments demonstrated strict host dependence, particularly on Actinomyces, Schaalia, and Arachnia species, with strain-specific variations affecting host viability and microbial networks. TM7 genomes are highly reduced, with specialized adaptations including type IV pili and arginine deiminase pathways. Interactions with the immune system were context-dependent, with both immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory outcomes observed. Detection methods significantly influenced TM7 prevalence and functional interpretation. Overall, TM7 represents a host-dependent, ecologically influential oral bacterium with genomic specialization, strain-level variability, and complex interactions within microbial communities. These findings highlight its potential roles in oral health and disease and emphasize the need for advanced multi-modal analytical approaches.

Lethal wilt (LW), known as “Marchitez Letal” in Colombia, is an endemic disease affecting oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and a leading cause of crop loss. The disease is characterized by the drying of leaflets from the tip to the base, primarily impacting the lower third of the plant and progressively moving upward. This progression leads to physiological disturbances, including necrosis at the tips of immature inflorescence bracts (spines) and the detachment of bunch fruits, ultimately causing wilting. As a phytosanitary measure, infected palms are eradicated to prevent further spread of the disease. The primary goal of this research was to identify the bacteria associated with LW and to validate a molecular detection method. A 16S amplicon-based analysis was employed to identify and compare the microbial diversity in LW-affected palm tissues with those of healthy plants. Among the 16 OTUs corresponding to different bacterial genera found in all LW samples, taxonomic classification and symptomatology suggested that the bacteria closely associated with LW belong to the genus ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’. Further phylogenetic analysis indicated that these bacteria are part of the Rhizobiaceae family, grouping closely with other species of the genus ‘Ca. Liberibacter’. The concentration of the pathogen in different oil palm tissues was determined using droplet digital PCR and quantitative PCR, expressed in copies/μl in the LW samples. This study represents the first report of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ sp. being associated with lethal wilt in oil palms of the Arecaceae family in Colombia. The findings from this research could contribute significantly to the development of effective management strategies to prevent crop losses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .