Biochemistry

The amino acid‐binding receptors, a component of ABC transporters, have evolved to cater to different specificities and functions. Of particular interest are cystine‐binding receptors, which have shown broad specificity. In the present study, a putative periplasmic cystine‐binding protein from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLasTcyA) was characterized. Analysis of the CLasTcyA sequence and crystal structures in the ligand‐bound state revealed novel features of CLasTcyA in comparison to related proteins. One of the unique features found in CLasTcyA structure was the positioning of the C‐terminal extended loop of one chain very close to the substrate‐binding site of the adjacent monomer in the asymmetric unit. The presence of a disulphide bond, unique to Candidatus Liberibacter family, holds the C‐terminal extended loop in position. Analysis of the substrate‐binding pocket of CLasTcyA suggested a broad specificity and a completely different orientation of the bound substrates in comparison to related protein structures. The open conformation for one of the two chains of the asymmetric unit in the Arg‐bound structure revealed a limited open state (18.4°) for CLasTcyA as compared to open state of other related proteins (~ 60°). The strong interaction between Asp126 on helix‐α5 of small domain and Arg82 (bigger domain) restricts the degree of opening in ligand‐free open state. The dissociation constant of 1.26 μm by SPR and 3.7 μm by MST exhibited low affinity for the cystine. This is the first structural characterization of an l‐cystine ABC transporter from plant pathogen and our results suggest that CLasTcyA may have evolved to cater to its specific needs for its survival in the host.

Sponges represent ecologically important models to understand the evolution of symbiotic interactions of metazoans with microbial symbionts. Thaumarchaeota are commonly found in sponges, but their potential adaptations to a host-associated lifestyle are largely unknown. Here, we present three novel sponge-associated thaumarchaeal species and compare their genomic and predicted functional features with those of closely related free-living counterparts. We found different degrees of specialization of these thaumarchaeal species to the sponge environment that is reflected in their host distribution and their predicted molecular and metabolic properties. Our results indicate that Thaumarchaeota may have reached different stages of evolutionary adaptation in their symbiosis with sponges.

“ Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis” is widely found in full-scale wastewater treatment plants, where it has been identified as the key organism for biological removal of phosphorus. Since aeration can account for 50% of the energy use during wastewater treatment, microaerobic conditions for wastewater treatment have emerged as a cost-effective alternative to conventional biological nutrient removal processes. Our report provides strong genomics-based evidence not only that “ Ca . Accumulibacter phosphatis” is the main organism contributing to phosphorus removal under microaerobic conditions but also that this organism simultaneously respires nitrate and oxygen in this environment, consequently removing nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater. Such activity could be harnessed in innovative designs for cost-effective and energy-efficient optimization of wastewater treatment systems.