Publications

4590

Summary Bacteroidetes VC2.1 Bac22 (referred to as VC2.1) is an uncultured clade that is widely distributed in marine ecosystems, including hydrothermal vents, oxygen‐minimum zones and other anoxic, sulfide‐rich environments. However, the lack of cultured representatives and sequenced genomes of VC2.1 limit our understanding of its physiology, metabolism and ecological functions. Here, we obtained a stable co‐culture of VC2.1 with autotrophic microbes by establishing an autotrophy‐based enrichment from a hydrothermal vent chimney sample. We recovered a high‐quality metagenome‐assembled genome (MAG) that belonged to VC2.1. Phylogenetic analyses of both 16S rRNA genes and conserved protein markers suggested that VC2.1 belongs to a novel order in the Bacteroidetes phylum, which we named Candidatus Sulfidibacteriales. The metabolic reconstruction of this MAG indicated that VC2.1 could utilize polysaccharides, protein polymers and fatty acids as well as flexibly obtain energy via NO/N 2 O reduction and polysulfide reduction. Our results reveal the ecological potential of this novel Bacteroidetes for complex organic carbons mineralization and N 2 O sinks in deep‐sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, guided by the genome information, we designed a new culture medium in which starch, ammonium and polysulfide were used as the carbon source, nitrogen source and electron acceptor respectively, to isolate VC2.1 successfully.

AbstractCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) transmitted by the carrot psyllid, Bactericera trigonica causes carrot yellows in Israel, and has recently gained much importance due to the excessive economical loss. Understanding the interactions between CLso and the psyllid at the cellular level is fundamental for the disease management. Here, we demonstrate the role of calcium ATPase, cytosolic calcium and most importantly Beclin1 in regulating autophagy and its association with Liberibacter. Presence of CLso generates reactive oxygen species and induces the expression of the detoxification enzymes in the psyllid midguts. CLso also induces the expression of both sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump (SERCA) and 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (ITPR) in the midguts, followed by high levels of calcium in the cytosol. Silencing these proteins individually disrupted the calcium levels in the cytosol leading to direct effects on autophagy and thus on Liberibacter. On the other hand, inhibiting Beclin1-phosphorylation through different calcium induced kinases altered the expression of autophagy and CLso abundance. This study establishes a direct correlation between cytosolic calcium levels, autophagy and CLso in the carrot psyllid midgut.

The genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ was proposed to accommodate cell wall-less bacteria that are molecularly and biochemically incompletely characterized, and colonize plant phloem and insect vector tissues. This provisional classification is highly relevant due to its application in epidemiological and ecological studies, mainly aimed at keeping the severe phytoplasma plant diseases under control worldwide. Given the increasing discovery of molecular diversity within the genus ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’, the proposed guidelines were revised and clarified to accommodate those ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species strains sharing >98.65 % sequence identity of their full or nearly full 16S rRNA gene sequences, obtained with at least twofold coverage of the sequence, compared with those of the reference strain of such species. Strains sharing <98.65 % sequence identity with the reference strain but >98.65 % with other strain(s) within the same ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species should be considered related strains to that ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species. The guidelines herein, keep the original published reference strains. However, to improve ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species assignment, complementary strains are suggested as an alternative to the reference strains. This will be implemented when only a partial 16S rRNA gene and/or a few other genes have been sequenced, or the strain is no longer available for further molecular characterization. Lists of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species and alternative reference strains described are reported. For new ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species that will be assigned with identity ≥98.65 % of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, a threshold of 95 % genome-wide average nucleotide identity is suggested. When the whole genome sequences are unavailable, two among conserved housekeeping genes could be used. There are 49 officially published ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species, including ‘Ca. P. cocostanzaniae’ and ‘Ca. P. palmae’ described in this manuscript.

The deep ocean microbiota represents the unexplored majority of global ocean waters. The phylum Chloroflexi is abundant and broadly distributed in various deep-sea ecosystems.