Publications

4861

We report here the near-complete genome sequence of “ Candidatus Spirobacillus cienkowskii,” a spiral-shaped, red-pigmented uncultivated bacterial pathogen of Daphnia spp. The genome is 2.74 Mbp in size, has a GC content of 32.1%, and contains genes associated with bacterial motility and the production of carotenoids, which could explain the distinctive red color of hosts infected with this pathogen.

The oxidative (H2O2) burst is a seminal feature of the basal plant defense response to attempted pathogen invasions. In ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ UF506, expression of the SC2 prophage-encoded secreted peroxidase (F489_gp15) increases bacterial fitness and delays symptom progression in citrus. Two chromosomal 1-Cys peroxiredoxin genes, CLIBASIA_RS00940 (Lasprx5) and CLIBASIA_RS00445 (Lasbcp), are conserved among all sequenced ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ strains, including those lacking prophages. Both LasBCP and LasdPrx5 have only a single conserved peroxidatic Cys (CP/SH) and lack the resolving Cys (CR/SH). Lasprx5 appeared to be a housekeeping gene with similar moderate transcript abundance in both ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’–infected psyllids and citrus. By contrast, Lasbcp was expressed only in planta, similar to the expression of the SC2 peroxidase. Since ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ is uncultured, Lasbcp and Lasprx5 were functionally validated in a cultured surrogate species, Liberibacter crescens, and both genes significantly increased oxidative stress tolerance and cell viability in culture. LasBCP was nonclassically secreted and, in L. crescens, conferred 214-fold more resistance to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) than wild type. Transient overexpression of Lasbcp in tobacco suppressed H2O2-mediated transcriptional activation of RbohB, the key gatekeeper of the systemic plant defense signaling cascade. Lasbcp expression did not interfere with the perception of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ flagellin (flg22Las) but interrupted the downstream activation of RbohB and stereotypical deposition of callose in tobacco. Critically, LasBCP also protected against tBOOH-induced peroxidative degradation of lipid membranes in planta, preventing subsequent accumulation of antimicrobial oxylipins that can also trigger the localized hypersensitive cell death response.

Abstract Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) play a critical role in the mitigation of nitrogen pollution by metabolizing nitrite to nitrate, which is removed via assimilation, denitrification, or anammox. Recent studies showed that NOB are phylogenetically and metabolically diverse, yet most of our knowledge of NOB comes from only a few cultured representatives. Using cultivation and genomic sequencing, we identified four putative Candidatus Nitrotoga NOB species from freshwater sediments and water column samples in Colorado, USA. Genome analyses indicated highly conserved 16S rRNA gene sequences, but broad metabolic potential including genes for nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and organic carbon metabolism. Genomic predictions suggested that Ca. Nitrotoga can metabolize in low oxygen or anoxic conditions, which may support an expanded environmental niche for Ca. Nitrotoga similar to other NOB. An array of antibiotic and metal resistance genes likely allows Ca. Nitrotoga to withstand environmental pressures in impacted systems. Phylogenetic analyses highlighted a deeply divergent nitrite oxidoreductase alpha subunit (NxrA), suggesting a novel evolutionary trajectory for Ca. Nitrotoga separate from any other NOB and further revealing the complex evolutionary history of nitrite oxidation in the bacterial domain. Ca. Nitrotoga-like 16S rRNA gene sequences were prevalent in globally distributed environments over a range of reported temperatures. This work considerably expands our knowledge of the Ca. Nitrotoga genus and suggests that their contribution to nitrogen cycling should be considered alongside other NOB in wide variety of habitats.