Publications

4795

Apart from sharing the basic cellular features of otherBacteria, the cyanobacteria possess unique and diagnostic characteristics that will be briefly described here, but less extensively than in the 1989 edition ofBergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The cell wall in cyanobacteria is of a Gram‐negative type. Cell division in most unicellular and colonial cyanobacteria and some filamentous forms is by binary fission. Regarding cell exterior and motility, fimbriae (or pili) occur abundantly with diverse patterns in many cyanobacteria. Although not all thylakoids in cyanobacteria appear to be invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane, there are orderly “attachment points” or “thylakoid centers” associated with the periphery of the cytoplasm or the cytoplasmic membrane. In the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria there are many other components and “inclusions”, most of which can be visualized readily using various preparative techniques for transmission electron microscopy. They include glycogen granules, cyanophycin granules, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), polyphosphate (volutin) granules, and gas vacuoles. Heterocysts, akinetes, and hormogonia are some of the specialized cells and differentiation in Cyanobacteria. The chief physiological/biochemical characteristic of cyanobacteria, distinguishing them from all other procaryotes, is the dual photosystem that allows the use of H2O as photoreductant with the consequent liberation of O2. Two courses for the delimitation of genera have been followed by cyanobacterial specialists: (a) to retain “small” genera or (b) to gather many species into fewer genera.Cyanobacteria / General Characteristics of the Cyanobacteria

Abstract Phlo.mo.bac.ter. Gr. n. phlomos bark; Gr. n. bakterion a small rod; M.L. neut. Phlomobacter rod in the bark. Filamentous bacteria occurring in the sieve tubes of phloem tissue of plants (Figures 1 and 2). The original description is from infected strawberry plants ( Fragaria × ananassa ) showing leaf marginal chlorosis and stunting in France (Nourrisseau et al., 1993). Like most other phloem‐restricted bacteria, Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae has resisted in vitro cultivation. The mol % G + C of the DNA is : not determined. Type species : Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae Zreik, Bové and Garnier 1998, 260. Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the genus Candidatus Phlomobacter is: misspelling (and no standing) (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Bacteria / Pseudomonadati / Pseudomonadota / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacterales / Enterobacteriaceae / Candidatus Phlomobacter Candidatus Phlomobacter could not be recovered in GTDB ** . * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776

Abstract Me.tha.no.bre.vi.bac'ter. M.L. neut. n. methanum methane; L. masc. adj. brevis short; M.L. masc. n. bacter equivalent of Gr. neut. n. bakterion rod, staff; M.L. masc. n. Methanobrevibacter short methane (‐producing) rod. Oval rods or cocci to short rods , usually occurring in pairs or chains; about 0.5–0.7 µm in width and 0.8–1.4 µm in length. Rarely, filaments are formed. Nonsporing, Gram‐positive. Cell walls are composed of pseudomurein . Nonmotile. Strict anaerobes. Optimum temperature, 37–40°C; maximum, ~45°C; minimum, ~30°C. The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 27.5–31.6. Type species : Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (Smith and Hungate 1958) Balch and Wolfe 1981, 216 (Effective publication: Balch and Wolfe in Balch, Fox, Magrum, Woese and Wolfe, 1979, 284) ( Methanobacterium ruminantium Smith and Hungate 1958, 717). Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the genus Methanobrevibacter is: correct name (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Archaea / Methanobacteriati / Methanobacteriota / Methanobacteria / Methanobacteriales / Methanobacteriaceae / Methanobrevibacter The genus Methanobrevibacter can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as g__Methanobrevibacter (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Archaea / p__Methanobacteriota / c__Methanobacteria / o__Methanobacteriales / f__Methanobacteriaceae / g__Methanobrevibacter * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776

Abstract Bro.ca.di.a'les. N.L. fem. n. “ Candidatus Brocadia” type genus of the order; ‐ ales ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n. Brocadiales the order of “ Candidatus Brocadia”. Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the order Candidatus Brocadiales is: preferred name (not correct name) (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Bacteria / Pseudomonadati / Planctomycetota / Candidatus Brocadiia / Candidatus Brocadiales The order Candidatus Brocadiales can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as o__Brocadiales (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Bacteria / p__Planctomycetota / c__Brocadiia / o__Brocadiales * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776

ABSTRACT Thermoproteales (phylum Crenarchaeota ) populations are abundant in high-temperature (>70°C) environments of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and are important in mediating the biogeochemical cycles of sulfur, arsenic, and carbon. The objectives of this study were to determine the specific physiological attributes of the isolate Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis strain WP30, which was obtained from an elemental sulfur sediment (Joseph's Coat Hot Spring [JCHS], 80°C, pH 6.1, 135 μM As) and relate this organism to geochemical processes occurring in situ . Strain WP30 is a chemoorganoheterotroph and requires elemental sulfur and/or arsenate as an electron acceptor. Growth in the presence of elemental sulfur and arsenate resulted in the formation of thioarsenates and polysulfides. The complete genome of this organism was sequenced (1.99 Mb, 58% G+C content), revealing numerous metabolic pathways for the degradation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Multiple dimethyl sulfoxide-molybdopterin (DMSO-MPT) oxidoreductase genes, which are implicated in the reduction of sulfur and arsenic, were identified. Pathways for the de novo synthesis of nearly all required cofactors and metabolites were identified. The comparative genomics of P. yellowstonensis and the assembled metagenome sequence from JCHS showed that this organism is highly related (∼95% average nucleotide sequence identity) to in situ populations. The physiological attributes and metabolic capabilities of P. yellowstonensis provide an important foundation for developing an understanding of the distribution and function of these populations in YNP.