Publications

4928

The aim of this work was to assess the effects of a combined inoculum of a rhizobacterium and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus on plant responses to phytoplasma infection, and on phytoplasma multiplication and viability in Chrysanthemum carinatum plants infected by chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (CY). Combined inoculation with Glomus mosseae BEG12 and Pseudomonas putida S1Pf1Rif resulted in some resistance to phytoplasma infection (about 30%), delayed symptom expression in nonresistant plants, improved growth of the aerial part of the infected plants (+68·1%), and altered root morphology (root tip number: +49·9%; branching degree: +82·8%). Combined inoculation with the two beneficial microorganisms did not alter CY multiplication and viability. In inoculated and infected plants, phytoplasma morphology was typical of senescent cells. A more active and efficient root system in double‐inoculated plants probably mediated the effects of the two rhizospheric microorganisms in the infected plants. The practical application of rhizospheric microorganisms for mitigating phytoplasma damage, following evaluation under field conditions, represents an additional tool for the integrated management of phytoplasmosis.

A novel phytoplasma, designated strain SoyST1c1, associated with a newly emerging disease in soybean (Glycine max), known as soybean stunt (SoyST), was found in 2002 in a soybean plantation in Alajuela Province, Costa Rica. The same phytoplasma, or a very closely related strain, also infected sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) with purple vein syndrome (SwPPV) and passion fruit vine (Passiflora edulis) with bud proliferation disease (PasFBP) in the same region. Sequence analysis of cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences (GenBank accession nos FJ226068–FJ226073 and HQ225624–HQ225635) indicated that all three affected plants were infected by phytoplasmas that shared <97.5 % sequence similarity with previously described phytoplasmas. The SoyST-causing phytoplasma represents a new taxon, most closely related to phytoplasma group 16SrI and 16SrXII strains. Virtual RFLP analysis indicated that the SoyST-causing phytoplasma and its closely related strains represent a novel 16Sr group, designated 16SrXXXI. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences from the new phytoplasma strains, those previously described as ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.’ and other distinct, as yet unnamed, phytoplasmas indicated that the SoyST-causing phytoplasma represents a distinct lineage within the aster yellows/stolbur branch on the phylogenetic tree. On the basis of its unique 16S rRNA gene sequence and biological properties, strain SoyST1c1 represents a novel taxon, for which the name ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma costaricanum’ is proposed with SoyST1c1 as the reference strain.

AbstractBackground"CandidatusPhytoplasma aurantifolia", is the causative agent of witches' broom disease in Mexican lime trees (Citrus aurantifoliaL.), and is responsible for major losses of Mexican lime trees in Southern Iran and Oman. The pathogen is strictly biotrophic, and thus is completely dependent on living host cells for its survival. The molecular basis of compatibility and disease development in this system is poorly understood. Therefore, we have applied a cDNA- amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach to analyze gene expression in Mexican lime trees infected by "Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia".ResultsWe carried out cDNA-AFLP analysis on grafted infected Mexican lime trees of the susceptible cultivar at the representative symptoms stage. Selective amplifications with 43 primer combinations allowed the visualisation of 55 transcript-derived fragments that were expressed differentially between infected and non-infected leaves. We sequenced 51 fragments, 36 of which were identified as lime tree transcripts after homology searching. Of the 36 genes, 70.5% were down-regulated during infection and could be classified into various functional groups. We showed that Mexican lime tree genes that were homologous to known resistance genes tended to be repressed in response to infection. These included the genes for modifier of snc1 and autophagy protein 5. Furthermore, down-regulation of genes involved in metabolism, transcription, transport and cytoskeleton was observed, which included the genes for formin, importin β 3, transducin, L-asparaginase, glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, and RNA polymerase β. In contrast, genes that encoded a proline-rich protein, ubiquitin-protein ligase, phosphatidyl glycerol specific phospholipase C-like, and serine/threonine-protein kinase were up-regulated during the infection.ConclusionThe present study identifies a number of candidate genes that might be involved in the interaction of Mexican lime trees with "CandidatusPhytoplasma aurantifolia". These results should help to elucidate the molecular basis of the infection process and to identify genes that could be targeted to increase plant resistance and inhibit the growth and reproduction of the pathogen.

Abstract Previously, we reported that Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las)‐infected Diaphorina citri are characterized by lower levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases than uninfected counterparts. In the present study, we investigated expression levels of family 4 cytochrome P450 ( CYP4 ) genes in Las‐infected and uninfected D. citri adults. Five novel CYP4 genes ( CYP4C67 , CYP4DA1 , CYP4C68 , CYP4DB1 and CYP4G70 ) were identified. Four of the five CYP4 genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in uninfected than Las‐infected males, whereas only one was expressed at significantly higher levels in uninfected than Las‐infected females. These results suggest that levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in D. citri may be linked to expression levels of these CYP4 genes. Expression of all five CYP4 genes was induced by exposure of D. citri to imidacloprid, suggesting their possible involvement in metabolism of this toxin. Higher expression of the five CYP4 genes was found in nymphs than adults, which is congruent with previous results indicating higher levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in nymphs than adults. These five CYP4 genes may be promising candidates for RNA‐interference to silence overexpression of genes associated with insecticide resistance in D. citri . These newly identified genes may also serve as DNA‐based screening markers for cytochrome P450‐mediated insecticide resistance in field populations of D. citri .

AbstractThe bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) has been strongly associated with huanglongbing, or citrus greening, which is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. Las is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a persistent manner, but its interactions with the psyllid vector, particularly at the organ and cellular levels, are poorly understood. We have tested several fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocols and three nucleic acid probes for the localization of Las in haemolymph smears and dissected organs of ACP adults that fed on Las‐infected plants in the field or laboratory and in sections from Las‐infected citrus leaves. Las was detected by FISH and confocal laser scanning microscopy in the filter chamber, midgut, Malpighian tubules, haemolymph, salivary glands, ovaries and in muscle and fat tissues of ACP that acquired Las from infected plants, as well as in the phloem of infected citrus leaves. Las appeared as pleiomorphic bodies or short thin rods that were much more dispersed and individually distinct in citrus leaf phloem and in ACP haemolymph, but more densely aggregated in cells of the salivary glands and other ACP organs and tissues. Our results provide the first in situ demonstration of Las infection in various psyllid organs and tissues and show the near‐systemic infection of ACP by Las.

Abstract By their metabolic activities, microorganisms have a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of elements. The complete understanding of these processes requires, however, the deciphering of both the structure and the function, including synecologic interactions, of microbial communities. Using a metagenomic approach, we demonstrated here that an acid mine drainage highly contaminated with arsenic is dominated by seven bacterial strains whose genomes were reconstructed. Five of them represent yet uncultivated bacteria and include two strains belonging to a novel bacterial phylum present in some similar ecosystems, and which was named ‘Candidatus Fodinabacter communificans.’ Metaproteomic data unravelled several microbial capabilities expressed in situ, such as iron, sulfur and arsenic oxidation that are key mechanisms in biomineralization, or organic nutrient, amino acid and vitamin metabolism involved in synthrophic associations. A statistical analysis of genomic and proteomic data and reverse transcriptase–PCR experiments allowed us to build an integrated model of the metabolic interactions that may be of prime importance in the natural attenuation of such anthropized ecosystems.