Publications

4483

AbstractPhytoplasmas can induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favour their colonisation, but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is a typical phytoplasma disease causing great economic loss in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Here, we reported an effector, PHYL1JWB from Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi, which implicated in inducing abnormal floral organogenesis. Utilising a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods, we investigated the influence of PHYL1JWB on the proteins associated with floral development. Our findings reveal that PHYL1JWB facilitates the proteasome‐mediated degradation of essential flower morphogenetic regulators, including AP1, SEP1, SEP2, SEP3, SEP4, CAL, and AGL6, through a distinctive pathway that is dependent on the activity of the 26S proteasome, thus obviating the requirement for lysine ubiquitination of the substrates. Further, the Y2H analysis showed that the leucine at position 75th in second α helix of PHYL1JWB is fundamental for the interactions of PHYL1JWB with AP1 and SEP1‐4 in jujube and Arabidopsis. Our research carry profound implications for elucidating the contribution of PHYL1JWB to the aberrant floral development in diseased jujube, and help to establish a robust theoretical underpinning for the prophylaxis and therapy of JWB disease.

Abstract  The Gemmatimonadota phylum has been widely detected in diverse natural environments, yet their specific ecological roles in many habitats remain poorly investigated. Similarly, the Candidatus ARS69 phylum has been identified only in a few habitats, and literature on their metabolic functions is relatively scarce. In the present study, we investigated the ecological significance of phyla Ca. ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota in the Arctic glacier foreland (GF) ecosystems through genome-resolved metagenomics. We have reconstructed the first high-quality metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) belonging to Ca. ARS69 and 12 other MAGs belonging to phylum Gemmatimonadota from the three different Arctic GF samples. We further elucidated these two groups phylogenetic lineage and their metabolic function through phylogenomic and pangenomic analysis. The analysis showed that all the reconstructed MAGs potentially belonged to novel species. The MAGs belonged to Ca. ARS69 consist about 8296 gene clusters, of which only about 8% of single-copy core genes (n = 980) were shared among them. The study also revealed the potential ecological role of Ca. ARS69 is associated with carbon fixation, denitrification, sulfite oxidation, and reduction biochemical processes in the GF ecosystems. Similarly, the study demonstrates the widespread distribution of different classes of Gemmatimonadota across wide ranges of ecosystems and their metabolic functions, including in the polar region. Key points • Glacier foreland ecosystems act as a natural laboratory to study microbial community structure. • We have reconstructed 13 metagenome-assembled genomes from the soil samples. • All the reconstructed MAGs belonged to novel species with different metabolic processes. • Ca. ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota MAGs were found to participate in carbon fixation and denitrification processes.

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ (16SrV-A) is the causal agent of elm yellows (EY), a lethal and/or decline disease of several Ulmus (elm) species and hybrids in North America and Europe. In this study, field observations and PCR assays were used to detect phytoplasma infections in diseased U. minor, U. pumila and U. glabra trees in southern Italy. Also, a multigene sequence analysis employing various less conserved genes was carried out to explore the genetic variation in detected strains. All the symptomatic elm trees tested were infected with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’. No other phytoplasmas or variants could be detected. Although ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ was already known to occur in southern Italy on European field elm, the current work expands the information on the presence, disease incidence and severity, plant host range and molecular aspects of EY phytoplasma strains occurring in southern Italy. In addition, this is the first report from Italy on the molecular characterization of EY phytoplasma strains through map, imp and groEL gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Among the newly detected EY phytoplasma strains, some proved distantly related to each other and to other previously characterized EY phytoplasma strains within the genes examined. This implies the presence of distinct taxonomic entities within the material examined. The occurrence of different strains was not linked to the biological traits and geographical distribution. However, the data obtained may provide a basis for further studies aimed at elucidating several other unknown aspects of the EY agent, knowledge of which is essential for effective disease management and control strategies. The results of the current work also show that the EY phytoplasma is particularly widespread in southern Italy and is of considerable economic and ecological relevance.