Publications

4435

Pear decline (PD), associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’, is a major disease of pear in Europe and the United States. Several psyllid species are involved in the tritrophic system of PD as vectors of phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrX group. Four years after the first detection of PD in Sicily, an integrated approach was applied to investigate the epidemic in a major pear-growing area. Visual surveys and molecular analyses were conducted over two years in eight orchards. A total of 115 plant samples and 101 Cacopsylla spp. specimens selected from a total of 1,435 collected individuals were analysed, confirming ‘Ca. P. pyri’ in 69% of symptomatic plants and in 4.6% of C. pyri individuals. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed high genetic similarity among 16SrX isolates. Remote sensing analyses since 2018, combined with vector monitoring, confirmed the epidemic nature of PD and the persistence of a risk of further pathogen spread within the region, proving, inter alia, to be a valid method for identifying the syndrome even on a large scale.

ABSTRACT Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease caused by the unculturable bacterium ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ ( C Las), poses a severe threat to global citrus production. C Las secretes effectors to suppress host immune responses and facilitate its colonisation. Previously, the C Las effector SECP8 (CLIBASIA_05330) has been identified as an immune inhibitor. However, its molecular mechanisms on host immune suppression remain unclear. This study identifies the citrus transcription factor CsTCP15 as a target of SECP8. Transgenic citrus plants overexpressing CsTCP15 enhanced resistance to C Las, whereas CsTCP15 ‐RNAi interference plants became more susceptible, confirming its role as a positive immune regulator. Meanwhile, CsTCP15 was demonstrated to directly bind to cis ‐elements of salicylic acid (SA)‐responsive genes CsPR5 and CsWRKY22 , and overexpression of either gene strengthened citrus hairy roots' resistance against C Las. However, SECP8 directly interacts with CsTCP15 and inhibits its homodimerization. Concurrently, mSECP8 facilitates CsBRG3‐mediated degradation and further prevents the dimerization of CsTCP15. This two‐pronged interference eventually impairs the transcriptional activation of CsPR5 and CsWRKY22 , thereby compromising salicylic acid‐mediated immunity and promoting C Las infection. Our findings reveal a virulence strategy whereby a C Las effector manipulates a key host immune regulator to establish pathogenesis.

From 2016, witches’ broom and stunting symptoms were observed in Lolium rigidum grown in some fruit tree nurseries in Faragheh (Abarkouh, Yazd province, Iran). Total DNAs were extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants and assessed for phytoplasma presence using direct and nested PCR to detect the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. From all symptomatic L. rigidum plant samples, expected length PCR amplicons were obtained. RFLP analysis with informative restriction enzymes showed identical profiles in all the samples resulted positive, that were also consistent with those of one of the subgroups of the aster yellows phytoplasmas (16SrI). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Faragheh L. rigidum bushy stunt strain was 100% identical to some ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ related strains, and 99.12% similar to the reference ‘Ca. P. asteris’ strain. The virtual RFLP pattern was identical (similarity coefficient 1.00) to the pattern of phytoplasmas in subgroup 16SrI-F. This is the first report of occurrence and molecular identification of this phytoplasma strain in L. rigidum and indicates a potential phytoplasma reservoir for trees in fruit tree nurseries where insect vectors may be present. This phytoplasma strain has been reported in symptomatic stone fruits in Spain and in potato in Ecuador. Further research on the epidemiology of witches’ broom and stunting in L. rigidum is required to develop elimination the phytoplasma from areas surrounding agricultural crops and avoid the risks of epidemics.

ABSTRACT Five draft genome sequences of ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ haplotype E from five different Bactericera trigonica vector insects sampled in France are reported. Each genome has a size of about 1.20 Mbp, a G + C content of 35% and approximately 1,000 predicted coding DNA sequences.

Bacteria involved in the anaerobic degradation of lignocellulosic waste in landfill sites play crucial roles in carbon turnover and biogas generation. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel anaerobic bacterium, strain meth-B3ᵀ, from a laboratory-scale methanogenic bioreactor fed with maize-based biomass. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, motile rods with optimal growth at 35 °C, pH 7.0 and 0.7% sodium chloride (NaCl). Strain meth-B3ᵀ utilized a broad spectrum of carbohydrates, amino acids and organic acids, including glucose, cellobiose, glycerol, sucrose, maltose and various nitrogenous compounds. It fermented glucose into acetate, butyrate, lactate, propionate, valerate and ethanol. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 3.8 Mbp genome with a G+C content of 62.65 mol%. Phylogenomic analyses based on 16S rRNA and conserved marker genes placed strain meth-B3ᵀ within the order Eubacteriales , forming a distinct clade from other known families. Comparative genomic metrics (average nucleotide identity, ≤69.4%; average amino acid identity, ≤54.2%; percentage of conserved protein, ≤35.2%) confirmed that strain meth-B3ᵀ represents a novel genus and family. Notably, carbohydrate-active enzyme and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) functional profiling revealed an extensive suite of enzymes with potential activities against cellulose, xylan, starch and other maize-derived polymers, underscoring its ecological and biotechnological relevance in biomass degradation and biogas production. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic distinctions, we propose the name Anaerozeibacter quisquiliarum gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain meth-B3ᵀ (=DSM 112769ᵀ=ATCC TSD-269ᵀ) being the type strain, and designate Anaerozeibacteraceae fam. nov. within the order Eubacteriales to accommodate this lineage.

Abstract Rickettsia species, which constitute obligate intracellular bacteria adapted to a host-dependent lifestyle, have traditionally been classified into four phylogenetic groups. However, the available genomes are biased toward the Typhus and Spotted Fever groups, with early-diverging Ancestral group (AG) lineages being underrepresented. Here, we isolated six Candidatus Rickettsia mendelii strains from Ixodes turdus ticks in Japan. We obtained their whole-genome sequences, including one closed genome, and found that they form a distinct lineage in the AG and have the smallest genome among the known rickettsial species. Gene tree-aware reconstruction of evolutionary events using amalgamated likelihood estimation revealed that the last common ancestor of Rickettsia had a smaller gene family size than modern species do, and Ca . R. mendelii retains the most similar genomic content to this ancestral state. Various patterns of gene gain and loss among Rickettsia lineages were also suggested, highlighting their divergent evolutionary trajectories. These findings increase our understanding of Rickettsia genome evolution.