General Medicine

The taxonomic position of a group of mesophilic actinomycetes isolated from arid Australian soils was determined using a polyphasic approach. The organisms shared chemical and morphological markers typical of members of the genusAmycolatopsis. They had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and formed a distinct phyletic line in theAmycolatopsis mediterraneiclade, being most closely related toA. mediterranei. In addition, they shared a range of phenotypic properties that distinguished them from representatives of all of the species classified in this clade. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicate that the strains merit species status within the genusAmycolatopsis. The name proposed for the novel species isAmycolatopsis australiensissp. nov.; the type strain is GY048T(=DSM 44671T=NCIMB 14142T).

Bacteria-like endosymbionts of females of the plant-parasitic nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Heterodera goettingiana and juveniles of Heterodera glycines were first observed during transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies conducted in the 1970s. These organisms were characterized as being rod-shaped, ranging in size from 0.3 to 0.5 μm in diameter and 1.8 to 3 μm in length and containing structures labelled as striated inclusion bodies or tubular structures. A population of H. glycines was obtained from the soybean field where infected nematodes were first discovered in order to conduct TEM studies of females and males and to determine the phylogenetic position of the H. glycines endosymbiont among bacteria by studying the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences. The bacterium was observed in the pseudocoelom and intestine of juveniles, females and males, in hypodermal chords of juveniles and males, in ovary walls and in oocytes and spermatozoa. The bacterium was polymorphic, measuring 0.4–0.8×2.5–4.5 μm, and many specimens contained an array of microfilament-like structures similar to those observed in ‘Candidatus Cardinium hertigii’, the endosymbiont of Encarsia spp. wasps. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes of the H. glycines-infecting bacterium revealed 93 % and 81 % sequence identity, respectively, to the homologous genes in ‘Candidatus C. hertigii’. Thus, the name ‘Candidatus Paenicardinium endonii’ is proposed for the bacterial endosymbiont of the plant-parasitic nematode H. glycines.

Potato purple top wilt (PPT) is a devastating disease that occurs in various regions of North America and Mexico. At least three distinct phytoplasma strains belonging to three different phytoplasma groups (16SrI, 16SrII and 16SrVI) have been associated with this disease. A new disease with symptoms similar to PPT was recently observed in Texas and Nebraska, USA. Two distinct phytoplasma strain clusters were identified. One belongs to the 16SrI phytoplasma group, subgroup A, and the other is a novel phytoplasma that is most closely related to, and shares 96.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with, a member of group 16SrXII. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of the novel PPT-associated phytoplasma strains, previously described ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ organisms and other distinct unnamed phytoplasmas indicated that the novel phytoplasma, termed American potato purple top wilt (APPTW) phytoplasma, represents a distinct lineage and shares a common ancestor with stolbur phytoplasma, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae’, bindweed yellows phytoplasma (IBS), ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma caricae’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma graminis’. On the basis of unique 16S rRNA gene sequences and biological properties, it is proposed that the APPTW phytoplasma represents ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma americanum’, with APPTW12-NE as the reference strain.

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send three copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof to the IJSEM Editorial Office for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries (i.e. documents certifying deposition and availability of type strains). It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below, and these authors' names will be included in the author index of the present issue and in the volume author index. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in bacteriological nomenclature. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.

Symbiotic interactions with bacteria are essential for the survival and reproduction of many insects. The European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) engages in a highly specific association with bacteria of the genus Streptomyces that appears to protect beewolf offspring against infection by pathogens. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the bacteria were located in the antennal glands of female wasps, where they form dense cell clusters. Using genetic methods, closely related streptomycetes were found in the antennae of 27 Philanthus species (including two subspecies of P. triangulum from distant localities). In contrast, no endosymbionts could be detected in the antennae of other genera within the subfamily Philanthinae (Aphilanthops, Clypeadon and Cerceris). On the basis of morphological, genetic and ecological data, ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’ is proposed. 16S rRNA gene sequence data are provided for 28 ecotypes of ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’ that reside in different host species and subspecies of the genus Philanthus. Primers for the selective amplification of ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’ and an oligonucleotide probe for specific detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are described.

A moderately thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium (strain SB91T) was isolated from a freshwater hot spring at Barguzin Valley, Buryatiya, Russia. Cells of strain SB91Twere straight to slightly curved rods, 0·5–0·6 μm in diameter and 3·0–7·0 μm in length. Formation of endospores was not observed. The temperature range for growth was 26–62 °C, with an optimum at 50 °C. The pH range for growth was 5·5–9·5, with an optimum at pH 7·5–8·0. The substrates utilized by strain SB91Tin the presence of 9,10-anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate included peptone, tryptone, Casamino acids, yeast extract, beef extract, casein hydrolysate, alanine plus glycine, alanine plus proline,l-valine and n-propanol. Carbohydrates were not utilized. Strain SB91Treduced amorphous Fe(III) oxide, Fe(III) citrate, Fe(III) EDTA or Fe(III) nitrilotriacetate with peptone,l-valine or n-propanol as an electron donor. Strain SB91Treduced 9,10-anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, fumarate and selenite. Strain SB91Tsurvived after exposure to gamma-radiation at a dose of 5·4 kGy. The G+C content of the DNA of strain SB91Twas 33 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolated organism belonged to cluster XII of the clostridia. On the basis of its physiological properties and the results of phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that strain SB91Trepresents the sole species of a novel genus,Tepidimicrobium; the nameTepidimicrobium ferriphilumgen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with strain SB91T(=DSM 16624T=VKM B-2348T) as the type strain.