Publications

4439

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) is an unculturable, phloem-limited, insect-transmitted bacterium associated with the Asiatic form of huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease. In Asia and the Americas, it is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwavama). Despite considerable research, little is known about the processes involved in plant infection and colonization by Las. This study was conducted to determine whether the basal portion (below girdling) of the plant is an important route for Las to move laterally from a point of inoculation on a branch to pathogen-free branches elsewhere in the canopy, and to quantify the influence of actively growing tissues on vertical upward (acropetally) or downward (basipetally) movement of Las. Nongirdled and fully or partially girdled stems of potted plants of ‘Pera’ sweet orange, graft-inoculated above or below girdling, were sampled in distinct regions and assessed by qPCR, 6 months postinoculation. Las invaded all regions of partially and nongirdled plants but remained restricted to the inoculated regions of fully girdled plants, evidence that in planta bacterium movement is limited to the phloem. In fully girdled plants, starch accumulated above the girdling site, probably because of changes in flow of phloem sap. To study the influence of actively growing tissues, inoculated ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants were kept intact or were top- or root-pruned to force production of new tissues, and sampled at 15-day intervals. Las migrated rapidly and most predominantly toward newly developing root and leaf tissues. The rapid and predominant movement of Las to newly developed shoots and roots would explain failures of canopy heat treatments and pruning to cure HLB-affected trees, and reinforces the need to protect rapidly growing new shoots from feeding by D. citri in order to minimize transmission and spread of the pathogen by the vector within and between orchards.

"Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" is a gram-negative, fastidious bacterium that inhabits and multiplies in the phloem of host plants. The bacterium causes economically important diseases of solanaceous crops such as "zebra chips" of potatoes, and chlorotic weakening of cultivated plants of the Apiaceae family. Beside potatotes, this pathogen causes significant economic losses in tobacco, peper and tomato production. Insect vectors classified in the family Triozidae play an important role in the epidemiology of this bacterium. Insects transfer bacterial cells from infected to healthy plants by feeding on the plant juice from the phloem tissue. This pathogenic bacterium could be transmitted by infected seeds which result in long-distance spread. Based on the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), nine haplotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, U) from different geographical regions, host plants and insect vectors have been described. Considering to impossibility of isolation of this bacterium on a nutrient medium, detection and identification are based on the application of molecular methods (conventional PCR, real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, nested PCR and LAMP PCR). Taking into consideration the increasing spread of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" in Europe, as well as its recent detection in Serbia, the aim of this paper was to raise an awareness about importance of this bacterium and summarize the protocols and molecular methods for its detection and identification.

Abstract Ther.mo.ha.lo.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n. Thermohalobacter , type genus of the family; suff. ‐aceae , ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Thermohalobacteraceae , the Thermohalobacter family. Free‐living bacteria that mainly occur in anoxic saline environments. Cells are not pigmented and have a Gram‐positive type of cell wall. Gram‐stain reaction can be negative or positive. Typically slender rod‐shaped cells that are motile by flagella. Several strains form heat‐resistant spores. Mainly euryhaline, moderately thermophilic and halophilic. Members of the family are strictly anaerobic bacteria that utilize carbohydrates or peptides by fermentation. Cellular fatty acid patterns are dominated by iso ‐C 15:0 and iso ‐C 15:0 DMA. The family currently accommodates members of the genera Thermohalobacter , Caldisalinibacter , Caloranaerobacter , Brassicibacter , Sporosalibacterium , and Clostridiisalibacter , which were previously affiliated with the family Clostridiaceae . The affiliation of novel species to this family depends on the phylogenetic position, which should be determined on the basis of comparative sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes or genomes. DNA G + C content (mol%): 28–33. Type genus: Thermohalobacter Cayol et al. 2000. Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the family Thermohalobacteraceae is: synonym (last update, February 2025) * . Correct name: Clostridiaceae LPSN classification: Bacteria / Bacillati / Bacillota / Clostridia / Eubacteriales / Clostridiaceae The family Thermohalobacteraceae can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as f__Thermohalobacteraceae (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Bacteria / p__Bacillota_A / c__Clostridia / o__Tissierellales / f__Thermohalobacteraceae * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776

Abstract Phy.to.plas‐ma. Gr. masc. n. phytos a plant; N.L. neut. n. Phytoplasma a form from a plant. Phytoplasmas are wall‐less, nutritionally fastidious, and phytopathogenic prokaryotes 0.2–0.8 μm in diameter that morphologically resemble nonhelical members of the class Mollicutes . Sequencing of nearly full‐length PCR‐amplified 16S rRNA genes, combined with earlier studies, provided the first comprehensive phylogeny of the organisms and showed that they constitute a unique, monophyletic clade within the Mollicutes . These organisms are most closely related to members of the genus Acholeplasma within the Anaeroplasma clade as defined by Weisburg et al. Despite decades of efforts and recent progress, sustained pure culture in cell‐free media has not yet been demonstrated for any phytoplasma. Their genome sizes have been estimated to range from 530 to 1,350 kb, and the DNA G + C content is about 23–30 mol%. The presence of a characteristic oligonucleotide sequence in the 16S rRNA gene, CAA GAY BAT KAT GTK TAG CYG GDC T, and standard codon usage indicate that phytoplasmas represent a distinct genus‐level taxon for which the name ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma’ has been adopted. At present, for any subtaxa within the provisional genus, the designation ‘ Candidatus ’ must still be used. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 23–29. Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the genus Candidatus Phytoplasma is: preferred name (not correct name) (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Bacteria / Bacillati / Mycoplasmatota / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales / Acholeplasmataceae / Candidatus Phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma could not be recovered in GTDB ** . * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776