Publications

4529

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a highly detrimental citrus disease associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, a nonculturable alpha-proteobacterium. Characterization of the bacterial populations is important for development of disease management strategies. In this study, the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ populations in eight provinces in southern China where HLB is endemic were analyzed based on tandem repeat number (TRN) variations in a previously characterized genomic locus CLIBASIA_01645. Of the 224 HLB samples collected, 175 (78.3%) samples yielded single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons (the single amplicon group, SAG) and 49 (21.7%) samples produced multiple PCR amplicons (the multiple amplicon group, MAG). Variations in SAG are summarized by Nei's diversity index (H) and ratio of TRN ≤ 10/TRN > 10 genotypes (R10). Variations in the MAG are described by the percentage of occurrence (PMAG). At an orchard-level comparison, the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ population from a Guangdong orchard (n = 24) showed H = 0.50, R10 = 23, and PMAG = 0, significantly different from that of the non-Guangdong orchards in Yunnan (n = 23), H = 0.83, R10 = 2.3, and PMAG = 11.5, and in Hainan (n = 35), H = 0.88, R10 = 1.5, and PMAG = 16.7. In a region-level consideration, the Guangdong ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ population (n = 78) was H = 0.77, R10 = 25, and PMAG = 1.3, whereas the non-Guangdong population (n = 84) was H = 0.91, R10 = 1.6, and PMAG = 26.9. Overall, significant differences were observed between the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ population from Guangdong Province and those from the other provinces. A strong aggregation of TRN = 6, 7, and 8 genotypes is characteristic to the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ population in Guangdong. Referenced to genome annotation, we propose that rearrangement of tandem repeats at locus CLIBASIA_01645 could be associated with bacterial environmental adaptation.

Zebra chip disease (ZC), putatively caused by the fastidious bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, is a threat to potato growers worldwide. However, little is known about biochemical shifts in different potato genotypes in response to ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ infection. To address this, ‘Red La Soda’, ‘Russet Norkotah’, and ‘FL 1867’ potato were infected with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ 4, 3, 2, and 1 weeks before harvest to observe variability in cultivar responses to ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ infection. ZC symptoms, ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ titers, and tuber biochemistry were assessed. Red La Soda tubers exhibited greater symptoms when infected for 4 weeks than Russet Norkotah or FL 1867 tubers. ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ titers did not vary among cultivars. Tuber levels of amino acids, carbohydrates, and phenolics varied among cultivars but no consistent trends were observed. Individual amino acids and phenolics were greater in FL 1867 than Red La Soda, whereas others were greater in Red La Soda or Russet Norkotah than FL 1867. Most amino acids, carbohydrates, and phenolics were positively associated with infection duration and symptoms regardless of cultivar. Associations between most of the evaluated compounds and ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ titer were positive in Red La Soda. However, no associations between ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ quantity and compounds were observed in FL 1867 and Russet Norkotah.