Publications

4776

Summary The luminous bacterial symbionts of anomalopid flashlight fishes, which appear to be obligately dependent on their hosts for growth, share several evolutionary patterns with unrelated obligate bacteria. However, only one flashlight fish symbiont species has been characterized in detail, and it is therefore not known if the bacteria from other anomalopid species are highly divergent (a pattern common to obligate symbionts). Unlike most obligate symbionts, the bacteria symbiotic with anomalopids are extracellular and spend time outside their hosts in the environment, from which they are thought to colonize new host generations. Environmental acquisition might decrease the likelihood of bacterial divergence between host species. We used phylogenetic analysis to determine the relatedness of symbionts from different anomalopid host species. The symbionts of hosts in the genus P hotoblepharon were resolved as a new species, for which we propose the name ‘ C andidatus   P hotodesmus blepharus’. Furthermore, different genera of anomalopids were found to harbour different species of bacteria, even when the hosts overlapped in geographic range. This finding suggests that the divergence between bacterial species is not the result of geographic isolation. The specificity of symbionts to host genera is consistent with obligate dependence on the host and has implications for symbiont transmission.

Anaplasma platys ( Apl), ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ ( CMh), Bartonella henselae ( Bh) and Bartonella koehlerae ( Bk) were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing in a cat diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Other inconsistently documented hematologic abnormalities included anemia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia and hypoglycemia. Persistent Apl infection was confirmed for the first time in a North American cat by sequencing three bacterial genes ( 16S rRNA, p44 and GroEL) in peripheral blood samples collected 100 days apart. Following doxycycline treatment for Apl, multiple myeloma was diagnosed based upon a monoclonal gammopathy and splenic plasmacytosis, and the cat was treated with melphalan, chlorambucil and prednisolone. Apl DNA was not amplified from post-treatment blood samples and the hyperglobulinemia resolved temporarily following chemotherapy. Retrospective PCR analysis of stored DNA extracts identified CMh, Bk and Bh infections. Retrospective PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) of splenic aspirates did not confirm B- or T-cell clonality. Co-infection with multiple vector-borne pathogens should be a diagnostic consideration in cats with chronic hypergammaglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy and splenic plasmacytosis.

A new symptomatology was observed in celery (Apium graveolens) in Villena, Spain in 2008. Symptomatology included an abnormal amount of shoots per plant and curled stems. These vegetative disorders were associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and not with phytoplasmas. Samples from plant sap were immobilized on membranes based on the spot procedure and tested using a newly developed real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’. Then, a test kit was developed and validated by intralaboratory assays with an accuracy of 100%. Bacterial-like cells with typical morphology of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ were observed using electron microscopy in celery plant tissues. A fifth haplotype of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’, named E, was identified in celery and in carrot after analyzing partial sequences of 16S and 50S ribosomal RNA genes. From our results, celery (family Apiaceae) can be listed as a new natural host of this emerging bacterium.

Abstract Amoebae serve as hosts for various intracellular bacteria, including human pathogens. These microbes are able to overcome amoebal defense mechanisms and successfully establish a niche for replication, which is usually the cytoplasm. Here, we report on the discovery of a bacterial symbiont that is located inside the nucleus of its Hartmannella sp. host. This symbiont, tentatively named ‘Candidatus Nucleicultrix amoebiphila’, is only moderately related to known bacteria (∼90% 16S and 23S rRNA sequence similarity) and member of a novel clade of protist symbionts affiliated with the Rickettsiales and Rhodospirillales. Screening of 16S rRNA amplicon data sets revealed a broad distribution of these bacteria in freshwater and soil habitats. ‘Candidatus Nucleicultrix amoebiphila’ traffics within 6 h post infection to the host nucleus. Maximum infection levels are reached after 96–120 h, at which time point the nucleus is pronouncedly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Transmission of the symbionts occurs vertically upon host cell division but may also occur horizontally through host cell lysis. Although we observed no impact on the fitness of the original Hartmannella sp. host, the bacteria are rather lytic for Acanthamoeba castellanii. Intranuclear symbiosis is an exceptional phenomenon, and amoebae represent an ideal model system to further investigate evolution and underlying molecular mechanisms of these unique microbial associations.

A thermotolerant, Gram-strain-negative, non-spore-forming and strictly aerobic bacterium, designated GU51T, was isolated from Guhai hot spring in Jimsar county, Xinjiang province, north-west China. Each cell of strain GU51Tconsisted of an oval body and two symmetrical long (3–6 µm) prosthecae. The strain moved by polar flagellum. Oxidase and catalase were produced. Strain GU51Tgrew within the ranges of 37–65 °C (optimum 48–50 °C), 0.5–7.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2–3 %) and pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.5). The major respiratory quinone detected was ubiquinone 10 (U-10) and the genomic DNA G+C content was 66.7±0.4 mol%. Major fatty acids (>5 %) were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7cand 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, five glycolipids, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown phospholipid. Phylogenetic analysis showed the closest relatives of strain GU51Twere members of the genusParvularculawith 92.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic characterization, it is suggested that strain GU51Trepresents a novel species of a new genus in the family ‘Parvularculaceae’, for which the nameAmphiplicatus metriothermophilusgen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is GU51T( = CGMCC 1.12710T = JCM 19779T).

A survey carried out in Georgian vineyards, located in the Khaketi region, in September 2013, showed the presence of vines of the cultivar Chardonnay with typical grapevine yellows (GY) symptoms including leaf discoloration and curling, berry shriveling, and irregular maturation of wood. In the same vineyards, bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) plants showing shoot proliferation and leaf yellowing were found, suggesting the involvement of phytoplasmas in the disease etiology. Total DNA was extracted by a CTAB method from leaf veins of 18 symptomatic and two asymptomatic grapevines, and from four symptomatic and two asymptomatic bindweeds, and analyzed by PCR assays. Moreover, DNA extracted from ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ strain SAY (group 16SrI), ‘Ca. P. solani’ strain STOL (group 16SrXII), and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’ strain EY1 (group 16SrV) were used as positive controls. DNA extracted from healthy periwinkle and a reaction mixture without template were employed as negative controls. Nested PCRs targeting the 16S rDNA, carried out using the primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (1), produced a band of the expected size (1,250 nt) in all the symptomatic grapevine and bindweed plants, and in the positive controls. No amplification was observed with DNA from asymptomatic plants nor the negative controls. PCR products were sequenced by a commercial sequencing service (Primm, Milan, Italy). The 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences of phytoplasmas identified in all grapevines and in two bindweed samples shared >99.5% sequence identity with ‘Ca. P. solani’ reference strain STOL (GenBank Accession No. AF248959), and carried identical STOL-unique signature sequence and distinguishing sequence blocks (3). Moreover, nucleotide sequences of phytoplasmas identified in the other two bindweed samples shared >99.6% sequence identity with ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ reference strain BY-S57/11 (JN833705) (2). RFLP and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the affiliation of the phytoplasma strains identified in grapevine and bindweed plants in Georgia to the species ‘Ca. P. solani’ (subgroup 16SrXII-A) and ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ (subgroup 16SrXII-H). Representative 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank website with accession nos. KF996535 and KF996536 (‘Ca. P. solani’ from grapevine and bindweed, respectively), and KF996537 (‘Ca. P. convolvuli’). Future studies will focus on investigating the spread and impact of ‘Ca. P. solani’-associated bois noir (BN) in Georgia. In particular, the identification of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in bindweeds suggested the presence of the insect Hyalesthes obsoletus, a polyphagous cixiidae responsible for BN phytoplasma transmission in vineyards in Europe. Accurate surveys and molecular analyses will be performed for identifying the insect vector(s) of the BN associated phytoplasma strains in Georgia. Additional studies will be performed to study the spread and impact of ‘Ca. P. convolvuli,’ identified only in Italy, Germany, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (2), throughout the Caucasian countries. References: (1) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (2) M. Martini et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62:2910, 2013. (3) F. Quaglino et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63:2879, 2013.

ABSTRACT In Europe, human infections with “ Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” have mainly been restricted to immunocompromised patients. We report here the first cases of asymptomatic “ Ca . Neoehrlichia mikurensis” infection in immunocompetent humans (5/316 [1.6%] were infected). Due to the potential threats of infections with “ Ca . Neoehrlichia mikurensis” in healthy persons to the safety of the blood supply, further study of this phenomenon is required.