Publications

4368

ABSTRACT Members of the genus Arsenophonus comprise a large group of bacterial endosymbionts that are widely distributed in arthropods of medical, veterinary, and agricultural importance. At present, little is known about the role of these bacteria in arthropods, because few representatives have been isolated and cultured in the laboratory. In the current study, we describe the isolation and pure culture of an Arsenophonus endosymbiont from the hippoboscid louse fly Pseudolynchia canariensis . We propose provisional nomenclature for this bacterium in the genus Arsenophonus as “ Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus.” Phylogenetic analyses indicate that “ Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus” is closely related to the Arsenophonus endosymbionts found in psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs. The pure culture of this endosymbiont offers new opportunities to examine the role of Arsenophonus in insects. To this end, we describe methods for the culture of “ Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus” in an insect cell line and the transformation of this bacterium with a broad-host-range plasmid.

Although no loss of crown shape or unusual growth were evident on two mature Chinaberry trees (Melia azedarach L.) located near the citadel in central Hué city, Vietnam, leaves on both trees displayed distinctive interveinal yellowing during September 2003. This symptom was reminiscent in appearance to foliar discoloration previously observed on mature Chinaberry trees in El Torno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia that was subsequently attributed to phytoplasma infection of these trees (2). Eight samples of yellowed leaves were collected from affected trees and preserved by pressing and drying for later analysis. Total nucleic acids were extracted from 0.5 g of each leaf sample and assayed for phytoplasma DNA using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with phytoplasma universal rRNA primer pair P1 and P7 (4). No visible product was generated from any Chinaberry sample while a product of expected size (1.8 kb) was obtained from DNA of a periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) infected with “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris”-related strain eastern aster yellows (EAY) and included as a known positive control in the assay. After P1/P7-primed products were reamplified by PCR with nested phytoplasma universal 16S rRNA primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 (1), a 1.4-kb product of predicted size was obtained from the eight samples and EAY positive control, whereas no product was obtained from DNA of seed-grown healthy periwinkle included as a negative control. Digests of nested PCR products (1.4 kb) with HaeIII or MseI endonuclease, and electrophoresis of digests through 8% polyacrylamide gels, revealed no apparent differences in restriction fragment patterns among products from Chinaberry samples. However, HaeIII and MseI patterns differed from those obtained by digestion of nested PCR products from EAY, a known 16SrI-A subgroup phytoplasma (3), with these enzymes. Chinaberry phytoplasmas were definitively identified as group 16SrI strains after reevaluation of samples by a PCR incorporating ribosomal protein (rp) gene primer pair rpF1/rpR1 and reamplification of resulting products with nested 16SrI group-specific primer pair rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A (3). A 1.2-kb product of expected size was obtained from all Chinaberry samples and EAY positive control only. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns produced by DraI or SspI endonuclease digests of nested PCR products (1.2 kb) revealed no differences among Chinaberry samples, although patterns associated with each enzyme differed from those observed for the EAY positive control. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Chinaberry yellows phytoplasma (CbY-V) 16Sr DNA (GenBank Accession No. AY863003) determined this strain to be most closely related (99.65%) to Epilobium phyllody phytoplasma, a 16SrI-B subgroup strain (3). However, based on analysis of rp gene sequences (GenBank Accession No. DQ321823), strain CbY-V was judged most similar (99.59%) to cabbage proliferation, a well characterized 16SrI-B subgroup, rpI-B subgroup phytoplasma (3). To our knowledge, this is the first record of phytoplasma infection of Chinaberry, a common urban shade tree in Vietnam. References: (1) D. E. Gundersen and I.-M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (2) N. A. Harrison et al. Plant Pathol. 52:147, 2003. (3) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:1037, 2004 (4) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2988, 1996.

Summary Previously uncultured nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria affiliated to the genus Nitrospira have for the first time been successfully enriched from activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. During the enrichment procedure, the abundance of the Nitrospira ‐like bacteria increased to approximately 86% of the total bacterial population. This high degree of purification was achieved by a novel enrichment protocol, which exploits physiological features of Nitrospira ‐like bacteria and includes the selective repression of coexisting Nitrobacter cells and heterotrophic contaminants by application of ampicillin in a final concentration of 50 µg ml −1 . The enrichment process was monitored by electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA‐targeted probes and fatty acid profiling. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the enriched bacteria represent a novel Nitrospira species closely related to uncultured Nitrospira ‐like bacteria previously found in wastewater treatment plants and nitrifying bioreactors. The enriched strain is provisionally classified as ‘ Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii’.