Li, Wen-Jun

AbstractTrace metals have been an important ingredient for life throughout Earth’s history. Here, we describe the genome-guided cultivation of a member of the elusive archaeal lineage Caldarchaeales (syn. Aigarchaeota), Wolframiiraptor gerlachensis, and its growth dependence on tungsten. A metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) of W. gerlachensis encodes putative tungsten membrane transport systems, as well as pathways for anaerobic oxidation of sugars probably mediated by tungsten-dependent ferredoxin oxidoreductases that are expressed during growth. Catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in-situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) show that W. gerlachensis preferentially assimilates xylose. Phylogenetic analyses of 78 high-quality Wolframiiraptoraceae MAGs from terrestrial and marine hydrothermal systems suggest that tungsten-associated enzymes were present in the last common ancestor of extant Wolframiiraptoraceae. Our observations imply a crucial role for tungsten-dependent metabolism in the origin and evolution of this lineage, and hint at a relic metabolic dependence on this trace metal in early anaerobic thermophiles.

The taxonomic positions of members within the family Pseudonocardiaceae were assessed based on phylogenomic trees reconstructed using core-proteome and genome blast distance phylogeny approaches. The closely clustered genome sequences from the type strains of validly published names within the family Pseudonocardiaceae were analysed using overall genome-related indices based on average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values. The family Pseudonocardiaceae consists of the type genus Pseudonocardia , as well as the genera Actinoalloteichus , Actinocrispum , Actinokineospora , Actinomycetospora , Actinophytocola , Actinopolyspora , Actinorectispora , Actinosynnema , Allokutzneria , Allosaccharopolyspora gen. nov., Amycolatopsis , Bounagaea , Crossiella , Gandjariella , Goodfellowiella , Haloactinomyces , Haloechinothrix , Halopolyspora , Halosaccharopolyspora gen. nov., Herbihabitans , Kibdelosporangium , Kutzneria , Labedaea , Lentzea , Longimycelium , Prauserella , Saccharomonospora , Saccharopolyspora , Saccharothrix , Salinifilum , Sciscionella , Streptoalloteichus , Tamaricihabitans , Thermocrispum , Thermotunica and Umezawaea . The G+C contents of the Pseudonocardiaceae genomes ranged from 66.2 to 74.6 mol% and genome sizes ranged from 3.69 to 12.28 Mbp. Based on the results of phylogenomic analysis, the names Allosaccharopolyspora coralli comb. nov., Halosaccharopolyspora lacisalsi comb. nov. and Actinoalloteichus caeruleus comb. nov. are proposed. This study revealed that Actinokineospora mzabensis is a heterotypic synonym of Actinokineospora spheciospongiae , Lentzea deserti is a heterotypic synonym of Lentzea atacamensis , Prauserella endophytica is a heterotypic synonym of Prauserella coralliicola , and Prauserella flava and Prauserella sediminis are heterotypic synonyms of Prauserella salsuginis . This study addresses the nomenclature conundrums of Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus and Streptomyces caeruleus as well as Micropolyspora internatus and Saccharomonospora viridis .

Ca . Bathyarchaeia MAGs from terrestrial hot spring habitats are poorly revealed, though they have been studied extensively in marine ecosystems.

Recent advances in sequencing technology promoted the blowout discovery of super tiny microbes in the Diapherotrites , Parvarchaeota , Aenigmarchaeota , Nanoarchaeota , and Nanohaloarchaeota (DPANN) superphylum. However, the unculturable properties of the majority of microbes impeded our investigation of their behavior and symbiotic lifestyle in the corresponding community.

“Candidatus Nitrosocaldaceae” are globally distributed in neutral or slightly alkaline hot springs and geothermally heated soils. Despite their essential role in the nitrogen cycle in high-temperature ecosystems, they remain poorly understood because they have never been isolated in pure culture, and very few genomes are available. In the present study, a metagenomics approach was employed to obtain “Ca. Nitrosocaldaceae” metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs) from hot spring samples collected from India and China. Phylogenomic analysis placed these MAGs within “Ca. Nitrosocaldaceae.” Average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity analysis suggested the new MAGs represent two novel species of “Candidatus Nitrosocaldus” and a novel genus, herein proposed as “Candidatus Nitrosothermus.” Key genes responsible for chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation and a thaumarchaeal 3HP/4HB cycle were detected in all MAGs. Furthermore, genes coding for urea degradation were only present in “Ca. Nitrosocaldus,” while biosynthesis of the vitamins, biotin, cobalamin, and riboflavin were detected in almost all MAGs. Comparison of “Ca. Nitrosocaldales/Nitrosocaldaceae” with other AOA revealed 526 specific orthogroups. This included genes related to thermal adaptation (cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase), indicating their importance for life at high temperature. In addition, these MAGs acquired genes from members from archaea (Crenarchaeota) and bacteria (Firmicutes), mainly involved in metabolism and stress responses, which might play a role to allow this group to adapt to thermal habitats.

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain EGI 650086T, was isolated from the roots of Anabasis elatior (C.A.Mey.) Schischk. collected in Xinjiang, north-west China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth occurred at 15–40 °C, pH 6.0–8.0 and in the presence of 0–6 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and concatenation of 22 protein marker genes revealed that strain EGI 650086T formed a monophyletic clade within the genus Amycolatopsis and shared the highest sequence similarities with Amycolatopsis nigrescens JCM 14717T (97.1 %) and Amycolatopsis sacchari DSM 44468T (97.0 %). Sequence similarities with type strains of other species of the genus Amycolatopsis were less than 97.0 %. The average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain EGI 650086T and the reference strains were 78.1–79.8 % and 22.1–23.0 %, respectively. The genome of strain EGI 650086T was 10.9 Mb, with a DNA G+C content of 70.1 mol%. The diagnostic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major whole-cell sugars contained arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9 (H4) and MK-9 (H2). Major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B). The polar lipid profile of strain EGI 650086T included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unknown phospholipids, an unknown glycolipid and an unknown lipid. Polyphasic taxonomic characteristics indicated that strain EGI 650086T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis , for which the name Amycolatopsis anabasis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EGI 650086T (=KCTC 49044T=CGMCC 4.7188T).

Abstract Background: ‘Ca. Aenigmarchaeota’ represents an evolutionary branch within the DPANN superphylum. However, their ecological roles and potential host-symbiont interactions are poorly understood.Results: Here, we analyze eight metagenomic-assembled genomes from hot spring habitats and reveal their functional potentials. Although they have limited metabolic capacities, they harbor substantial carbohydrate metabolizing abilities. Further investigation suggests that horizontal gene transfer might be the main driver that endows these abilities to ‘Ca. Aenigmarchaeota’, including enzymes involved in glycolysis. Additionally, members from the TACK superphylum and Euryarchaeota contribute substantially to the niche expansion of ‘Ca. Aenigmarchaeota’, especially genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses. Based on co-occurrence network analysis, we conjecture that ‘Ca. Aenigmarchaeota’ may be symbionts associated with TACK archaea and Euryarchaeota, though host-specificity might be wide and variable across different ‘Ca. Aenigmarchaeota’ genomes. Conclusion: This study provides significant insights into possible host-symbiont interactions and ecological roles of ‘Ca. Aenigmarchaeota’.

Genome analysis is one of the main criteria for description of new taxa. Availability of genome sequences for all the actinobacteria with a valid nomenclature will, however, require another decade’s works of sequencing. This paper describes the rearrangement of the higher taxonomic ranks of the members of the phylum ‘ Actinobacteria ’, using the phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene sequences and supported by the phylogeny of the available genome sequences. Based on the refined phylogeny of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, we could arrange all the members of the 425 genera of the phylum ‘ Actinobacteria ’ with validly published names currently in use into six classes, 46 orders and 79 families, including 16 new orders and 10 new families. The order Micrococcales Prévot 1940 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Nouioui et al. 2018 is now split into 11 monophyletic orders: the emended order Micrococcales and ten proposed new orders Aquipuribacterales , Beutenbergiales , Bogoriellales , Brevibacteriales , Cellulomonadales , Demequinales , Dermabacterales , Dermatophilales , Microbacteriales and Ruaniales . Further, the class ‘ Actinobacteria ’ Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Nouioui et al. 2018 was described without any nomenclature type, and therefore the name ‘ Actinobacteria ’ is deemed illegitimate. In accordance to Rule 8 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, Parker et al. 2019, we proposed the name Actinomycetia which is formed by using the stem of the name Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Zhi et al. 2009, to replace the name ‘ Actinobacteria ’. The nomenclature type of the proposed new class Actinomycetia is the order Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Zhi et al. 2009.

Abstract Several recent studies have shown the presence of genes for the key enzyme associated with archaeal methane/alkane metabolism, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr), in metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) divergent to existing archaeal lineages. Here, we study the mcr-containing archaeal MAGs from several hot springs, which reveal further expansion in the diversity of archaeal organisms performing methane/alkane metabolism. Significantly, an MAG basal to organisms from the phylum Thaumarchaeota that contains mcr genes, but not those for ammonia oxidation or aerobic metabolism, is identified. Together, our phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions suggest a mostly vertical evolution of mcrABG genes among methanogens and methanotrophs, along with frequent horizontal gene transfer of mcr genes between alkanotrophs. Analysis of all mcr-containing archaeal MAGs/genomes suggests a hydrothermal origin for these microorganisms based on optimal growth temperature predictions. These results also suggest methane/alkane oxidation or methanogenesis at high temperature likely existed in a common archaeal ancestor.